System and method for matrix-coating samples for mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a system and method for preparing matrix-coated samples for analysis using mass spectrometry. In particular disclosed embodiments, the system and methods of using the system utilize an electric field to enhance results obtained from mass spectrometric analysis of the matrix-coated samples. The methods disclosed herein can be used to prepare biological samples that have improved characteristics facilitating the detection, localization, and/or identification of biomarkers for disease.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of the earlier filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/018,346, filed on Jun. 27, 2014, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure concerns embodiments of a system and method for preparing matrix-coated samples for mass spectrometric analysis.

BACKGROUND

Tissue imaging by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) is a technology that can be used to simultaneously explore and characterize the spatial distributions and relative abundances of endogenous compounds directly from the surface of a thinly-cut tissue slice. This technique can be used to produce visual images of various ionized species within tissue samples, including lipids and proteins. The locations and abundances of specific biomolecules can reflect the pathophysiology of the imaged tissue specimens; therefore, MALDI imaging has great potential for diagnostics, such as human disease biomarker discovery, particularly cancer biomarkers.

Currently, MALDI imaging has been used to detect only a small number of lipids and/or proteins in comparison to other mass spectrometric detection methods (e.g., MS/MS or LC-MS/MS). For example, only 212 lipids in rat brain, 550 lipids in porcine adrenal gland, 92 proteins in mouse lung, and 105 proteins in mouse kidney have been detected in single tissue imaging studies, whereas 119,200 lipid compounds have already been entered into the LipidBlast library using MS/MS, and 2800 proteins can be detected in human colon adenoma tissue using LC-MS/MS. Methods to improve the number of compounds detected using MALDI MS have focused on either manipulating the matrix used in MALDI MS, and/or using various sample preparation techniques, such as matrix sublimation, matrix vapor deposition/recrystallization, matrix pre-coating, solvent-free matrix dry-coating, matrix microspotting, automated inkjet matrix printing, and tissue pre-washing before matrix coating. Despite these prior efforts, however, a need in the art still exists for improved MALDI MS sample preparation methods and a system for preparing such samples.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a system, comprising a first conductive substrate associated with a biological sample, a second conductive substrate positioned parallel and opposite to the first conductive substrate, wherein the first conductive substrate and second conductive substrate are separated by a distance of 25 mm to 75 mm, a power source electrically coupled to the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate for establishing an electric field between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate, and a matrix dispersion device capable of dispersing a matrix solution, wherein the matrix dispersion device is physically separated from the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate. In some embodiments, the matrix dispersion device is positioned adjacent to and between an end terminus of first conductive substrate and an end terminus of the second conductive substrate. The first conductive substrate can comprise a conductive material different from that of the second conductive substrate in some embodiments. The biological sample can be associated with the conductive material of the first conductive substrate. In some embodiments, the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate can be separated by a distance of 40 mm to 55 mm.

The system disclosed herein also can comprise a housing that substantially encloses at least the first conductive substrate, the second conductive substrate, and a portion of the matrix dispersion device. In some embodiments, the portion of the matrix dispersion device comprises a spray nozzle. Systems are also disclosed herein that are coupled directly or indirectly to a mass spectrometer.

Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a method for preparing mass spectrometry samples comprising positioning a first conductive substrate associated with a biological sample 25 mm to 75 mm away from a second conductive substrate, wherein the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate are parallel to one another, applying an electric field between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate using a power source coupled to the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate, and spraying a matrix solution from a matrix dispersion device comprising a spray nozzle positioned perpendicular to the electric field generated between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate, wherein the matrix solution is sprayed into the electric field in a direction effective to apply the matrix solution to the biological sample thereby forming a matrix layer on the biological sample.

In some embodiments, the method can further comprise allowing the droplets of the matrix solution to incubate with the biological sample in the presence of the electric field and/or drying the droplets of the matrix solution in the presence of the electric field. In some embodiments, the biological sample is sprayed 20 to 40 times. In particular embodiments, the biological sample is sprayed 30 times.

Some embodiments of the method can further comprise analyzing the biological sample and the matrix layer associated therewith for one or more compounds of interest. In some embodiments, analyzing comprises subjecting the biological sample to a mass spectrometric detection technique. Suitable mass spectrometric detection techniques include MALDI mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, the electric field is directed from the first conductive substrate to the second conductive substrate. In other embodiments, the electric field is directed from the second substrate to the first conductive substrate. Spraying the droplets into the electric field can cause an upper portion of the droplets to develop a higher electric potential than a lower portion of the droplets. In other embodiments, spraying the droplets into the electric field causes a lower portion of the droplets to develop a higher electric potential than an upper portion of the droplets. The polarized droplets can associate with the biological sample and electrically attract one or more compounds of interest within the biological sample.

In some embodiments, the matrix layer formed using the electric field comprises a higher number of compounds of interest than that of a matrix layer formed without an electric field. In some embodiments, the matrix layer formed using the electric field provides higher mass spectrometric signal-to-noise ratios for the compounds of interest than does the a matrix layer formed without an electric field. The biological sample analyzed with the disclosed method can be a prostate tissue sample, a breast tissue sample, a lung tissue sample, a skin tissue sample, a liver tissue sample, a colon tissue sample, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method can be used to detect one or more lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, or combinations thereof that are present in the biological sample.

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the claimed invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate exemplary embodiments of the disclosed system.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a disclosed method embodiment for coating a sample.

FIG. 3 is a Venn diagram showing the classification of identified compounds of interest using positive (left-most, largest circle) and negative (right-most, largest circle) ion detection.

FIG. 4 is a graph of electric field intensity (E) versus signal-to-noise (S/N) normalization illustrating the effect of electric field intensity on signal-to-noise of six lipids detected by positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry “MALDI-FTICR MS.”

FIGS. 5A-5C are MALDI-FTICR mass spectra of lipids detected in control rat liver tissue sections; FIG. 5A is a MALDI-FTICR mass spectrum of a control sample; FIG. 5B is a positive ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectrum of a matrix-coated sample obtained from an embodiment of the method and system disclosed herein; FIG. 5C is a positive ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectrum of a matrix-coated sample obtained from a method embodiment wherein the electric field was reversed from that used in the sample of FIG. 5B.

FIG. 6 is an overlayed mass spectrum of “ESI tuning mix” peaks of m/z 622.029 and m/z 922.010, and PC(38:4) having an m/z 848.557, which illustrates peaks obtained from the control sample of FIG. 5A, the sample of FIG. 5B, and the sample of FIG. 5C.

FIG. 7 is a positive ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectrum comparing compound of interest detection in rat brain for control samples (lower half) and samples coated using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (upper half), wherein quercetin was used as the MALDI matrix.

FIG. 8 is a negative ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectrum comparing compound of interest detection in rat brain for control samples (lower half) and samples coated using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (upper half), wherein quercetin was used as the MALDI matrix.

FIGS. 9A-9C are positive ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid signals across sagittal tissue sections of a rat brain for control samples (FIG. 9A) and matrix-coated samples obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (FIG. 9B), wherein quercetin was used as the MALDI matrix; FIG. 9C is a three-dimensional map of the detected ions.

FIGS. 10A-10C are negative ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid signals across sagittal tissue sections of a rat brain for control samples (FIG. 10A) and matrix-coated samples obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (FIG. 10B), wherein quercetin was used as the MALDI matrix; FIG. 10C is a three-dimensional map of the detected ions.

FIGS. 11A-11C are positive ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid signals across sagittal tissue sections of a rat brain for control samples (FIG. 11A), and matrix-coated samples obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (FIG. 11B), wherein 2-MBT was used as the MALDI matrix; FIG. 11C is a three-dimensional map of the detected ions.

FIGS. 12A-12C are negative ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid signals across sagittal tissue sections of a rat brain for control samples (FIG. 12A) and matrix-coated samples obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (FIG. 12B), wherein 2-MBT was used as the MALDI matrix; FIG. 12C is a three-dimensional map of the detected ions.

FIGS. 13A-13C are positive ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid signals across sagittal tissue sections of a rat brain for control samples (FIG. 13A) and matrix-coated samples obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (FIG. 13B), wherein dithranol was used as the MALDI matrix; FIG. 13C is a three-dimensional map of the detected ions.

FIGS. 14A-14C are negative ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid signals across sagittal tissue sections of a rat brain for control samples (FIG. 14A) and matrix-coated samples obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (FIG. 14B), wherein 9-AA was used as the MALDI matrix; FIG. 14C is a three-dimensional map of the detected ions.

FIGS. 15A-15D are positive ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid detection of two different lipids on tissue sections of a rat brain for a control sample (FIGS. 15A and 15C) and a matrix-coated sample obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (FIGS. 15B and 15D), wherein “ND” means the molecules were not detected.

FIGS. 16A-16D are negative ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid detection of two different lipids on tissue sections of a rat brain for a control sample (FIGS. 16A and 16C) and a matrix-coated sample coated obtained an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (FIGS. 16B and 16D), wherein “ND” means the molecules were not detected in the control.

FIGS. 17A-17D are positive ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid detection of four different lipids on tissue sections of a porcine adrenal gland for a control sample (left-most images of FIGS. 17A-17D) and a matrix-coated sample obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (right-most images of FIGS. 17A-17D), wherein “ND” means the molecules were not detected in the control embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 17A and 17B.

FIGS. 18A-18D are negative ion MALDI-FTICR mass spectra comparing lipid detection of four different lipids on tissue sections of a porcine adrenal gland for a control sample (left-most images of FIGS. 18A-18D) and a matrix-coated sample obtained using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system (right-most images of FIGS. 18A-18D), wherein “ND” means the molecules were not detected in the control embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 18A and 18B.

FIG. 19 is a mass spectrum comparing MALDI-TOF mass spectra acquired on a rat brain tissue section for a sample prepared using the disclosed method (red) and for a control sample (black) using sinapinic acid as the matrix.

FIGS. 20A-20I are images comparing protein images obtained from control samples (FIGS. 20A, 20C, 20E, and 20G) and samples prepared using an embodiment of the disclosed system and method (FIGS. 20B, 20D, 20F, and 20H); FIG. 20I illustrates the different regional aspects of the tissue sample.

FIGS. 21A-21I are images comparing results obtained from control samples (FIGS. 21A, 21C, 21E, and 21G, where “ND” means the molecules were not detected in these control embodiments) and samples prepared using an embodiment of the disclosed system and method (FIGS. 21B, 21D, 21F, and 21H); FIG. 21I illustrates the different regional aspects of the tissue sample.

FIG. 22 is a mass spectrum acquired from a non-cancerous region (black) and a cancerous region (red) of a transverse human prostate tissue section prepared with and without using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system.

FIGS. 23A-23C are images of stained prostate cancer tissue sections made using an embodiment of the disclosed system and method, which provide a comparison of ion images of different compounds of interest.

FIGS. 24A-24C are pie charts illustrating compositional analysis of compounds of interest detected on samples prepared using embodiments of the disclosed system and method; FIG. 24A illustrates unique compounds of interest detected in a non-cancerous region of a sample; FIG. 24B illustrates unique compounds of interest detected in cancerous regions of a sample; and FIG. 24C illustrates compositions of the compounds of interest detected in both cell regions with different distribution patterns.

FIG. 25 is a MALDI-TOF spectrum of compounds of interest detected on a transverse prostate cancer tissue section.

FIG. 26 is a collection of stained images of a prostate cancer tissue section comparing ion images of particular compounds of interest.

FIG. 27 is a table providing particular parameters for comparing various different embodiments of methods for coating samples.

FIGS. 28A-28D are MALDI-FTICR mass spectra obtained from the different method embodiments of coating samples provided by FIG. 27; FIG. 28A is a mass spectrum obtained from an embodiment wherein no electric field was applied during the spray, incubation, or drying period of sample preparation; FIG. 28B is a mass spectrum obtained from an embodiment wherein the electric field was applied during the spray, incubation, and drying periods of sample preparation; FIG. 28C is a mass spectrum obtained from an embodiment wherein an electric field was applied only during a spray period of sample preparation; FIG. 28D is a mass spectrum obtained from an embodiment wherein an electric field was applied only during the incubation and drying period of sample preparation.

FIGS. 29A-29D illustrate graphical results obtained from analysis of representative samples disclosed herein; FIG. 29A illustrates insulin mass spectra observed from the same concentration spot, indicating the stability of MALDI TOF/TOF MS for protein detection; FIG. 29B illustrates the standard curve generated from insulin spots with different concentrations; FIG. 29C shows two representative accumulated mass spectra acquired by MALDI TOF/TOF MS—with matric coating assisted by an electric field (“MCAEF”) (lower) and without MCAEF (upper); and FIG. 29D shows the effect of MCAEF on the images of proteins detected on the prostate tissue sections.

FIG. 30 is an illustration of the total number of proteins and peptides detected (detected lipids are not provided in FIG. 30).

FIG. 31 shows a comparison of normalized ion intensities of the 17 peptides and proteins differentially expressed in the cancerous and non-cancerous regions in particular embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 32 provides ion maps of 17 peptides and proteins detected on prostate tissue section in particular disclosed embodiments.

FIGS. 33A and 33B illustrate a representative tissue section used for immunohistochemical analysis (FIG. 33A) and results obtained from immunohistochemical analysis (FIG. 33B).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Introduction and Terms

The following explanations of terms are provided to better describe the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure. As used herein, “comprising” means “including” and the singular forms “a” or “an” or “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” refers to a single element of stated alternative elements or a combination of two or more elements, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Unless explained otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise indicated. Other features of the disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description and the claims.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of components, molecular weights, percentages, temperatures, times, and so forth, as used in the specification or claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, implicitly or explicitly, the numerical parameters set forth are approximations that can depend on the desired properties sought and/or limits of detection under standard test conditions/methods. When directly and explicitly distinguishing embodiments from discussed prior art, the embodiment numbers are not approximates unless the word “about” is recited. Furthermore, not all alternatives recited herein are equivalents.

To facilitate review of the various embodiments of the disclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided:

Control: A sample or procedure performed to assess test validity. In one example, a control is a quality control, such as a positive control. For example, a positive control is a procedure or sample that is similar to the actual test sample, but which is known from previous experience to give a positive result. A positive control can confirm that the basic conditions of the test produce a positive result, even if none of the actual test samples produces such a result.

In other examples, a control is a negative control. A negative control is a procedure or test sample known from previous experience to give a negative result. The negative control can demonstrate the base-line result obtained when a test does not produce a measurable positive result. In some embodiments, the value of the negative control can be treated as a “background” value to be subtracted from the test sample results.

Compound of Interest: A compound, or ion thereof, that can be detected using the method disclosed herein. In particular disclosed embodiments, the identity of the compound of interest may or may not be known prior to detection. In an independent embodiment, the compound of interest can be a biomarker, or a compound capable of acting as a biomarker.

Electrically Associate(d): This term can describe embodiments wherein a polarized droplet, as described herein, can attract, repel, and/or couple to a compound of interest present in a biological sample. The attraction, repelling, and/or coupling can occur between a portion of the polarized droplet and one or more functional groups present on the compound of interest. Coupling can include, but is not limited to, covalent coupling, electrostatic, ionic coupling, or combinations thereof.

FTICR: Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance.

Permittivity: A measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field and can be related to electric susceptibility, which can measure how easily a dielectric polarizes in response to an electric field.

Sample: The term “sample” can refer to any liquid, semi-solid, or solid substance (or material) in or on which a compound of interest can be present. In particular disclosed embodiments, a sample can be a biological sample or a sample obtained from a biological material. A biological sample can be any solid or fluid sample obtained from, excreted by or secreted by any living organism, including without limitation, single celled organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, protozoans, and amoebas among others, multicellular organisms (such as plants or animals, including samples from a healthy or apparently healthy human subject or a human patient affected by a condition or disease to be diagnosed or investigated). For example, a biological sample can be a biological fluid obtained from, for example, blood, plasma, serum, urine, bile, ascites, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous or vitreous humor, or any bodily secretion, a transudate, an exudate (for example, fluid obtained from an abscess or any other site of infection or inflammation), or fluid obtained from a joint (for example, a normal joint or a joint affected by disease). A biological sample can also be a sample obtained from any organ or tissue (including a biopsy or autopsy specimen, such as a tumor biopsy) or can include a cell (such as a primary cell or cultured cell) or medium conditioned by any cell, tissue or organ. In some embodiments, a sample is a test sample. For example, a test sample is a cell, a tissue or cell pellet section prepared from a biological sample obtained from a subject that is at risk or has acquired a particular condition or disease.

Uniform Electric Field: An electric field created between at least two conductive substrates that is constant, or substantially constant, at every point. The magnitude of the electric field can be approximated (by ignoring edge effects) using the following equation: E=−Δφ/d, where Δφ is the potential difference between two conductive substrates and d is the distance between the two conductive substrates.

II. System for Coating Samples

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a system for coating samples for analysis using mass spectrometry, such as MALDI mass spectrometry. Embodiments of the disclosed system can be used to prepare matrix-coated biological samples, such as tissue samples, that may be directly analyzed with a mass spectrometer without further manipulation. In some embodiments, the disclosed system may be used independently from a mass spectrometer, or it may be coupled directly or indirectly to a mass spectrometer.

Coated samples made using the disclosed system provide the ability to detect and identify higher numbers of biological compounds present in a particular sample than can be detected without using the disclosed system. In some embodiments, the coated samples made with embodiments of the disclosed system provide mass spectra having increased signal-to-noise ratios as compared with samples prepared using traditional sample preparation techniques. Additionally, the disclosed system can be used with methods that do not require high numbers of repetitive treatment cycles (e.g., spray, incubation, and drying cycles), as are required by current systems (such as the system disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 7,667,196, which requires the process of nebulization, droplet deposition, and drying be repeated at least 100 times to achieve suitable results). The disclosed system embodiments also are cost effective and convenient for users as they need not require expensive components and/or set-up. The system embodiments are easily installed and can be configured for use separate from, or in conjunction with, a mass spectrometer.

Embodiments of the disclosed system can comprise at least one conductive substrate, with some embodiments comprising at least two conductive substrates. Such substrates can comprise a suitable conductive material. The conductive material can be selected from any conductive material suitable for providing an electric field. In some embodiments, the conductive material can be a metal, such as aluminum, chromium, tin, gold, silver, nickel, copper, palladium, platinum, titanium, or an alloy or combination thereof; a metal oxide, such as indium-tin oxide (ITO), ZnO, SnO₂, In₂O₃, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, MoSi₂, ReO₃, RuO₂, IrO₂, and the like; a conductive polymer, such as a polyaniline, a polyfluorene, a polyphenylene, a polypyrene, a polyazulene, a polynaphthalene, a polypyrrole, a polycarbazole, a polyindole, a polyazepine, a polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene), poly(p-phenylene sulfide), or combinations thereof; a carbon nanomaterial, such as carbon nanotubes; or any combination of such conductive materials. In some embodiments, the conductive material can be a single layer or a multi-layered material comprising any one or more of the conductive materials disclosed herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the conductive material is ITO.

In some embodiments, each conductive substrate independently can comprise a thin layer of the conductive material on at least one side of the conductive substrate. In such embodiments, the conductive substrate may be dipped in, adhered to, or spray-coated with the conductive material. In other disclosed embodiments, the conductive substrate independently can be made of, or substantially made of, the conductive material. In some embodiments, the conductive material of each conductive substrate may be the same or different. In an exemplary embodiment, the conductive substrate is a slide comprising a thin layer of ITO substantially coating at least one side of the slide.

In some embodiments, at least two conductive substrates are used in the system and they are positioned opposite one another in a substantially parallel orientation. The two conductive substrates can be positioned so that at least one side of a first conductive substrate comprising a conductive material faces a side of a second conductive substrate comprising a conductive material. The two conductive substrates can be separated by a suitable distance and can be held at such distance using one or more holders, such as a clamp or a receiving slot.

In some embodiments, a suitable distance is any distance that can be used that does not inhibit the formation of an electric field between the two conductive substrates. In particular disclosed embodiments, the two conductive substrates can be positioned opposite one another and separated by a distance of 25 mm to at least 100 mm, such as 25 mm to 75 mm, 30 mm to 60 mm, or 40 mm to 55 mm. In some embodiments, this distance can be measured from the surface of the two sides of the conductive substrates that face one another, from the surface of the biological sample of one conductive substrate to the surface of the conductive material of the other substrate facing the biological sample, from the surfaces of the two substrates that do not face one another, or any combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, two conductive substrates can be positioned opposite one another in a parallel orientation, with the side of each conductive substrate comprising the conductive material facing one another, and wherein the two conductive substrates are separated by a distance of 50 mm.

At least one conductive substrate can also comprise a biological sample. In some embodiments, at least one conductive substrate comprises a biological sample, such as a tissue sample (e.g., a fresh tissue sample, a frozen tissue sample, or a fixed tissue sample). The biological sample can be mounted onto the conductive substrate in a frozen state and then allowed to thaw on the conductive substrate. In other disclosed embodiments, the biological sample can be fixed to the conductive substrate using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as by chemically bonding the biological sample to the conductive substrate. In particular disclosed embodiments, the biological sample can be a tissue sample originating from a subject, such as a human or other mammal. The biological sample can be obtained from a subject for routine screening or from a subject who is suspected of or is suffering from a particular disorder, such as a genetic abnormality, an infection or a neoplasia. In some embodiments, the system can be used to analyze such biological samples, or it can be used to analyze “normal” samples (or control samples) that do not comprise genetic abnormalities, an infection, neoplasia, or the like. Such “normal” samples can be used as controls for comparison to biological samples that are not normal. In some embodiments, the biological samples disclosed herein can be used in a scientific study, for diagnosing a suspected malady, as prognostic indicators for treatment success or survival, for determining biomarkers of disease, or combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the biological sample is a tissue sample selected from rat brain, porcine adrenal gland, or human prostate, and it is thaw-mounted onto an ITO-containing side of a glass slide.

The system can also comprise a matrix dispersion device. In particular disclosed embodiments, the matrix dispersion device comprises a spray nozzle attached to a bottle or other container comprising a matrix solution. In some embodiments, the matrix dispersion device can comprise any spray nozzle capable of producing a dispersion of matrix droplets and spraying this dispersion into an electric field produced between two conductive substrates. For example, the spray nozzle can be selected from an electronic sprayer or spray nozzle, a pneumatically assisted thin-layer chromatography sprayer, an airbrush sprayer, or any other similar spray apparatus. In an exemplary embodiment, the matrix dispersion device can be a spray nozzle system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,667,196, the relevant portion of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The system may further comprise a power source and suitable components for connecting the power source to the conductive substrate. In particular disclosed embodiments, the power source can be a direct current (DC) power supply capable of applying a static voltage to the two conductive substrates so as to form a uniform electric field between the two conductive substrates. In some embodiments, the power source can be a DC power supply capable of providing an electric field having a suitable intensity, such as an intensity of +/−100 V/m to +/−2300 V/m, such as +/−200 V/m to +/−800 V/m+/−400 V/m to +/−700 V/m, or +/−400 V/m to +/−600 V/m. In an exemplary embodiment, the power supply is selected to provide an electric field having an intensity of +600 V/m or −600 V/m.

The selected power source can be connected to the conductive substrates using suitable coupling components, such as one or more metal wires connected to the conductive material (or materials) present on the two conductive substrates. Positive and negative power supply cables can be connected to the power supply. The power supply cables can be attached to the metal wires. In some embodiments, the polarity of the conductive slides can be modified according to the type of mass spectrometric detection mode ultimately used to analyze the biological sample. For example, if a positive ion mode detection method is to be used, the conductive substrate comprising the biological sample can be connected to the positive power supply cable and the oppositely facing conductive substrate can be connected to the negative power supply cable. In other embodiments using negative ion mode detection, the negative power supply cable can be attached to the conductive substrate comprising the biological sample and the positive power supply cable can be attached to the oppositely facing conductive substrate.

Embodiments of the disclosed system can further comprise a housing capable of enclosing the system components described herein. In some embodiments, the housing can substantially or completely enclose the system components. In other embodiments, the house can substantially or completely enclose certain system components, while other components need not be enclosed by the housing. In some embodiments, the housing can comprise one or more openings through which a user can place the conductive substrates into the housing and manipulate the conductive substrates into a suitable configuration as disclosed herein. In particular disclosed embodiments, the housing substantially or completely encloses at least the first and second conductive substrates, the spray nozzle of the matrix dispersion device, the power supply cables, the conductive substrate holders, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the components of the system disclosed herein can be configured to comprise a first conductive substrate associated with a biological sample; a second substrate positioned parallel and opposite to the first conductive substrate, wherein the first and second conductive substrates are separated by a distance of 25 mm to 75 mm; a power source; and a matrix dispersion device capable of dispersing a matrix solution, wherein the matrix dispersion device is separated from the first and second conductive substrates. The term “separated from” as used in this context is understood to mean that the matrix dispersion device does not come into contact with the first and/or second conductive substrate, nor is it fluidly, mechanically, and/or electrically coupled to the first and/or second conductive substrate. In some embodiments, the matrix dispersion device is positioned adjacent to an electric field, such as within 0 to 400 mm, or 1 mm to 300 mm, or 1 mm to 200 mm and between an end terminus of a first conductive substrate and an end terminus of a second conductive substrate. In an independent embodiment, the conductive substrates of the disclosed system are independent of the matrix dispersion device and therefore function independent of the matrix dispersion device.

A particular embodiment of a suitable system configuration is illustrated in FIG. 1A. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, a first conductive substrate 100, which can be associated with a biological sample 102, and a second conductive substrate 104 are positioned parallel and opposite to one another using non-conductive holders 106. An external power supply 108 is connected to the first conductive substrate 100 and the second conductive substrate 104 through metal wires 110 and 112, respectively, and a positive power supply cable 114 and a negative power supply cable 116, which are attached to the metal wires 110 and 112, respectively. In the particular embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1A, the positive power supply cable 114 is electrically coupled to the first conductive substrate 100 to positively charge the first conductive substrate. A negative power supply cable 116 can be electrically coupled to the second conductive substrate 104 to negatively charge the second conductive substrate. This set-up can provide an electric field that flows from the first conductive substrate 100 to the second conductive substrate 104. A matrix dispersion device, such as sprayer 118, also can be provided through which the matrix material can be introduced into the system. Various components of certain embodiments of the system are discussed in more detail below.

A schematic illustration of an embodiment of the disclosed system 200 is illustrated in FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 2, a first conductive substrate 202, which can be associated with a biological sample 204, and a second conductive substrate 206 are positioned parallel and opposite to one another. An external power supply (not illustrated) is connected to the first conductive substrate 202 and the second conductive substrate 206 through power supply cables (not illustrated). In the particular embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the positive power supply cable is electrically coupled and positively charges the first conductive substrate 202. A negative power supply cable can be electrically coupled to the second conductive substrate 206 to negatively charge the second conductive substrate. This set-up can provide an electric field 208 formed between the first conductive substrate 202 and the second conductive substrate 206. A matrix dispersion device, such as sprayer 210, also can be provided through which the matrix material 212 can be introduced into the system.

III. Method for Preparing Samples

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a method for preparing samples for analysis using mass spectrometry, such as MALDI mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, the disclosed method provides results that are not achieved using traditional sample coating methods. The disclosed methods, for example, provide the ability to detect more species present in biological sample, such as tissue samples, and also provide mass spectra having higher signal-to-noise ratios, than can be obtained using traditional methods known in the art.

The method embodiments disclosed herein can comprise positioning a first conductive substrate at a suitable distance from a second conductive substrate. For example, the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate can be positioned apart from one another at a distance ranging from 25 mm to 100 mm, such as 25 mm to 75 mm, 30 mm to 60 mm, or 40 mm to 55 mm. In exemplary embodiments, the two conductive substrates are separated by a distance of 50 mm.

In particular disclosed embodiments, the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate can be positioned at any suitable distance disclosed above and are further positioned parallel to one another. In an independent embodiment, the two conductive substrates are positioned at a zero degree angle with respect to one another. In some embodiments, the first conductive substrate can be associated with the biological sample, and in other embodiments, the second conductive substrate can be associated with the biological sample. The two conductive substrates can be positioned in any order. For example, the first conductive substrate can be positioned first, followed by positioning of the second conductive substrate, or the second conductive substrate can be positioned first, followed by positioning of the first conductive substrate.

In some embodiments, the method can further comprise coupling the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate to a power source. The conductive substrates can be coupled to the power source using other system components disclosed herein, such as one or more power supply cables and/or metal wires that are coupled to the substrates. In some embodiments, a positive power supply cable can be electrically coupled to a conductive substrate associated with the biological sample and the negative power supply cable can be electrically coupled to a conductive substrate that is not associated with the biological sample. In other embodiments, the power supply cables can be reversed—that is, the negative power supply cable can be electrically coupled to a conductive substrate associated with biological sample and the positive power supply cable can be electrically coupled to a conductive substrate that is not associated with the biological sample. The manner in which the conductive substrates and the power supply cables are electrically coupled can depend on the type of mass spectrometric analysis being conducted.

Method embodiments disclosed herein can further comprise applying an electric field between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate using the power supply cables coupled to the conductive substrates as disclosed above and the power source. In some embodiments, the electric field is a uniform, or substantially uniform, electric field that is produced between the two conductive substrates. The electric field can be oriented in a direction substantially perpendicular to the two conductive substrates, as illustrated in FIG. 2. According to one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the electric field 208 is established between the positively charged conductive substrate 202 (such as the conductive substrate to which a positive power supply cable is coupled) and the negatively charged conductive substrate 206 (such as the conductive substrate to which a negative power supply cable is coupled). In some embodiments, the electric field boundaries can be provided by the conductive substrate boundaries. Solely by way of example, the conductive substrate can be a slide having four edges. In such embodiments, the electric field is limited to the area defined by these four edges. The conductive substrates, however, can have any size or shape and thereby define other areas occupying the electric field.

The disclosed method embodiments also can comprise spraying a matrix solution into the electric field generated between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate. In some embodiments, the matrix solution can be sprayed in a direction perpendicular to that of the direction of the electric field. For example, the matrix solution can be sprayed from a matrix dispersion device that is positioned separate from, substantially parallel to, and between the first and second conductive substrates so that the matrix solution is dispersed from the matrix dispersion device into the electric field from a perpendicularly-positioned spray nozzle. An exemplary configuration is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. By spraying the matrix solution into the electric field from a matrix dispersion device that comprises a spray nozzle positioned perpendicular to the electric field, matrix solution droplets can be polarized by the electric field. In an independent embodiment, the matrix solution can be sprayed in a direction parallel to the direction of the electric field and the droplets can similarly be polarized, such as by using the set-up illustrated in FIG. 1B. With reference to FIG. 1B, the conductive substrate that is not associated with the biological sample, such as substrate 104 can be modified to provide an opening 120 through which the matrix dispersion device 118 comprising a dispensing mechanism 122 can be placed thereby providing the ability to introduce the matrix solution into the electric field from a parallel direction.

In some embodiments, one or more treatment cycles can be used. Treatment cycles can comprise spraying the matrix solution, incubating the biological sample with the droplets of matrix solution, and drying the biological sample and the matrix layer associated therewith. Any number of treatment cycles may be used. In some embodiments, one treatment cycle can comprise a spraying step wherein at least one spray of the matrix material is dispersed from the matrix dispersion device. A spray cycle can last for any suitable period. For disclosed working embodiments, the spray cycle typically had a duration of 2 seconds to 4 seconds, with particular embodiments comprising one spray lasting for at least three seconds.

Some embodiments may further comprise an incubation period wherein polarized matrix droplets and the biological sample are allowed to associate with one another, thereby allowing compounds of interest present in the biological sample to electrically associate with the polarized droplets. An incubation period can last for any suitable period of time, such as 30 seconds to 90 seconds, such as 40 seconds to 80 seconds, or 50 seconds to 70 seconds, with particular embodiments using an incubation period of 60 seconds.

Additional method embodiments may further comprise a drying period wherein the biological sample and the matrix layer associated therewith are dried to facilitate subsequent analysis. The drying period can comprise passive or active drying. Passive drying is understood herein to mean drying at an ambient temperature. Active drying is understood herein to mean drying in an ambient temperature, or a temperature above ambient temperature, or a combination thereof, wherein a stream of air or inert gas can be passed over the sample or the sample can be impinged by a stream of flowing air or inert gas. In some embodiments, the drying period lasts for a period of time to provide a suitable dry sample, which in some embodiments was for 60 seconds to 120 seconds, such as 70 seconds to 110 seconds, or 80 seconds to 100 seconds, with particular embodiments lasting for 90 seconds.

In some embodiments, the number of treatment cycles disclosed above may range from 5 to 40, such as 20 to 40, or 25 to 35, or 25 to 30. In another independent embodiment, the number of spraying cycles may range from 40 to 90. In an exemplary embodiment, the number of spraying cycles is 30.

The matrix solution used in the disclosed method can be any matrix solution suitable for analysis using MALDI mass spectrometry. In particular disclosed embodiments, the matrix solution can be selected from quercetin, dithranol, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT), 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), sinapinic acid (SA), 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHA), 4-para-nitroaniline (pNA), 5-nitropyridine (AAN), curcumin, α-cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (CHCA), 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN), N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDC), or a derivative or combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the electric field intensity that is used in the disclosed method can polarize the matrix droplets sprayed into the electric field generated between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the matrix droplets can have a diameter ranging from 10 μm to 30 μm, such as 15 μm to 30 μm, or 20 μm to 30 μm. Referring to FIG. 2, solely by way of example, the charge density (ρ_(A)) at a point 214 (x, y, z) on the surface of a single droplet in a uniform electric field can be calculated using Equation 1:

ρ_(A)=3∈₀∈_(r) E cos θ  (1)

wherein ∈₀ is the vacuum permittivity, which can be 8.8542×10⁻¹² F/m; ∈_(r) is the relative permittivity; E is the electric field intensity; and θ is the angle between R_(A) (A radius) and the electric field direction (reference number 216, as illustrated in FIG. 2). In some embodiments, ∈_(r) can be the relative permittivity of nitrogen (N₂), such as when the matrix dispersion is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere, and can thus be ∈_(r)(N₂)=1.00058 (at 20° C.). Using this information, the electric field force of point A (F_(A)) can be calculated using Equation 2:

F _(A)=ρ_(A) EΔS _(A)=3∈₀∈_(r) E ² ΔS _(A) cos θ  (2)

wherein ΔS_(A) is the unit area occupied by point A. Using Equations 1 and 2, the different F_(A) values applied to different positions of a spherical droplet can result in in-homogeneous charge distribution on the droplet surface, which can thereby cause droplet elliptical deformation. The maximum charge density appears at both ends of the polar axis (parallel to E) of a droplet (e.g., θ=0° and 180°), but with opposite net charges.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, when the direction of the applied electric field intensity (“E”) moves from the positively-charged conductive substrate comprising the biological sample to the negatively-charged conductive substrate that does not comprise the biological sample, the electric potential of the upper portion of a matrix droplet 218 can be higher than that of the lower portion of the droplet 220. In embodiments where the applied electric field moves from a positively-charged conductive substrate that does not comprise the biological sample to a negatively-charged conductive substrate comprising the biological sample, the electric potential of the upper portion of a matrix droplet can be lower than that of the lower portion of the matrix droplet.

In some embodiments, after the matrix solution has been sprayed from the matrix dispersion device, the polarized droplets of matrix solution contact the surface of the biological sample associated with a conductive substrate, and thereby form a matrix layer on the surface of the biological sample. The polarized droplets that form the matrix layer can attract compounds of interest present within the biological sample that are electrically attracted to the charge of the lower portion of the droplet. This electric field-driven process can facilitate the transfer of these compounds from the biological sample into the matrix layer, referred to herein as a micro-extraction process. In some embodiments, this electric field-driven micro-extraction process can occur as soon as a polarized droplet contacts the surface of the biological sample, during the incubation period, during the drying period, or combinations thereof. A schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of this process is provided by FIG. 2 (illustrated in expanded view 222).

In embodiments where the matrix droplet comprises an upper portion having a higher electric potential than the lower portion of the matrix droplet, the lower portion of the droplet, which may directly contact the surface of the biological sample, can attract compounds of interest within the biological sample that are, or can be, oppositely charged. In other embodiments, the direction of the electric field can be reversed and thereby cause the lower portion of the matrix droplets to have a higher electric potential, which facilitates extraction of oppositely charged (or chargeable) compounds of interest from the biological sample into the matrix. Each embodiment can thereby result in an electric field-driven micro-extraction capable of enriching the matrix layer in positively or negatively chargeable compounds.

In some embodiments, the electric field-driven, micro-extraction process described above can occur at particular stages during which an electric field is applied. For example, in some embodiments, the electric field can be applied prior to dispersing the matrix solution, at substantially the same time as the matrix solution is dispersed, after the matrix solution is dispersed, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electric field is applied before the matrix solution is dispersed and remains on for the duration of the spraying step and/or any period of time thereafter. The electric field also may be applied at substantially the same time as the matrix solution is sprayed and can remain on for the duration of the spraying step and/or any period of time thereafter. In exemplary embodiments, the electric field can be applied prior to and/or during the time period in which the matrix solution is sprayed, during the time period in which the matrix droplets are incubated with the biological sample, during the time period in which the matrix solution is dried, and any combination thereof.

The disclosed method embodiments can be used to generate higher concentrations of positively or negatively chargeable compounds of interest per unit volume of matrix relative to that obtained from embodiments wherein the disclosed system and/or method are not used. The disclosed systems and methods therefore can enhance the detection of these compounds of interest using positive or negative ion mass spectrometry analysis, such as MALDI MS. In some embodiments, the disclosed method can be used to increase the concentration of positively chargeable compounds of interest (e.g., such as amine-containing compounds or any other compound containing a functional group capable of forming a positive charge) per unit volume of matrix and therefore enhance the detection of these compounds of interest using positive ion MALDI MS. In other embodiments, the disclosed method can be used to increase the concentration of negatively chargeable compounds of interest per unit volume of matrix and therefore enhance the detection of these compounds of interest using negative ion MALDI MS.

In some embodiments, the disclosed method may further comprise analyzing the coated biological sample for one or more compounds of interest present in the biological sample. The compounds of interest can be electrically attracted to the matrix layer via the electric field-driven micro-extraction process described herein, thereby facilitating detection, identification and/or quantification of these compounds using mass spectrometry and/or other analytical techniques.

IV. Uses for Coated Samples

In particular disclosed embodiments, the coated samples prepared using the disclosed system and method can be used to detect one or more compounds of interest, such as biological molecules, exemplified by a biomarker that can indicate the existence of a disease or disorder. The compounds of interest that can be detected using the coated samples obtained from the disclosed system and/or method may be known or newly discovered. In some embodiments, the compound of interest may be a known or newly discovered biomarker that can be used to differentiate between a disease state and a non-disease state. In some embodiments, the biomarkers can be used to clearly differentiate between cancerous and non-cancerous biological samples.

In some embodiments, the compound of interest may be a protein, a lipid, a nucleic acid sequence, or combination thereof. Exemplary proteins can be antigens, such as endogenous antigens, exogenous antigens, autoantigen, a tumor antigen, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the protein can be any protein associated with or implicated in a disease, such as, but not limited to, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, oral cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, or the like. In particular disclosed embodiments, the protein can be selected from Cav-1, ERG, CRP, nm23, p53, c-erbB-2, uPA, VEGF, CEA, CA-125, CYFRA21-1, KRAS, BRCA1, BRCA2, p16, CDKN2B, p14ARF, MYOD1, CDH1, CDH13, RB1, PSA, D52, MEKK2, β-microseminoprotein, and apolipoproteins A-II, apolipoproteins C-I, S100A6, S100A8, and S100A9.

Exemplary lipids include, but are not limited to, fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides. In some embodiments, the lipid may be a phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acids (PA), phosphoglycerol (PG), sphingomyelin (SM), glycoceramide (Gly-Cer), diacylglycerol (DG), or triacylglycerol (TG).

Exemplary nucleic acid sequences can comprise at least 2 to 2000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, nucleic acid sequences that can be detected using the disclosed system and method can be selected from a nucleic acid sequence comprising a genetic aberration, such as a promoter methylation, a single nucleotide polymorphism, a copy number change, a mutation, a particular expression level, a rearrangement, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence can be a sequence associated with the EGFR gene, p53, TOP2A, PTEN, ERG, the C-MYC gene, D5S271, the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene, RB1, N-MYC, CHOP, FUS, FKHR, ALK, Ig heavy chain, CCND1, BCL2, BCL6, MALF1, AP1, TMPRSS, ETV1, EWS, FLI1, PAX3, PAX7, AKT2, MYCL1, REL, and CSF1R.

In an exemplary embodiment, the compounds of interest can be MEKK2 (having an m/z 4355), apolipoproteins A-II (having an m/z 8705), β-microseminoprotein (having an m/z 10763), tumor protein D52 (having an m/z 12388), PSA (having an m/z 33000 to 34000), as well as species having an m/z 4964, 5002, and/or 6704.

In some embodiments, the disclosed system and method can be used to make coated samples that provide enhanced in situ detection of lipids and proteins that can be used to differentiate between cancerous and non-cancerous regions of a particular biological sample. Any type of biological sample can be analyzed using coated samples made using the disclosed method and system. In an independent embodiment, the biological sample is a human prostate cancer tissue sample.

The coated samples made using the system and method disclosed herein can be used to detect any number of compounds of interest, any number of which can be capable of acting as biomarkers for a particular disease. The coated samples made using the system and method disclosed herein can be used to detect more compounds of interest than can be detected using a control sample, such as a coated sample that is made without using the disclosed method. In some embodiments, the method and system disclosed herein can be used to make coated samples comprising 20 to 200% more compounds of interest in the matrix layer than are present in the matrix of a control sample, such as 40% to 100%, or 50% to 140%. In an exemplary embodiment, the method and system disclosed herein can be used to make coated samples comprising 53 to 134% more compounds of interest in the matrix layer than are present in the matrix of a control sample. In an independent embodiment, the control sample can be a sample that is coated with a matrix solution in the absence of an electric field. In another independent embodiment, the control sample can be a sample that is coated with a matrix solution according to any one of the method embodiments disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 7,667,196.

Solely by way of example, the differences in results obtained from using a coated sample made using the disclosed method and system in comparison to a sample made using a control sample is illustrated in FIG. 3. The information provided by FIG. 3, indicates using the disclosed system and method to prepare coated samples for MALDI MS analysis can result in a significant increase in the number of compounds of interest detected using either a positive ion detection mode or a negative ion detection mode. In some embodiments, the coated samples made using the disclosed method can exhibit an increase in the number of detected compounds of interest ranging from greater than 0 to 99%, such as 1% to 90%, or 10% to 88%, or 30% to 80%. In exemplary embodiments, at least a 50% increase or an 80% increase in the number of the detected compounds of interest can be obtained. In some embodiments, the increase can range from 0 to 60%, such as 10% to 55%, or 10% to 40% when a positive ion detection mode is used. In some embodiments, 0 to 140%, such as 30% to 134%, or 30% to 100% when a negative ion detection mode is used. The disclosed method and system also can be used to make coated samples that provide the ability to detect compounds of interest that cannot be detected in control samples.

In an independent embodiment, which is intended to be exemplary and does not limit the present disclosure, biological sample imaging using positive ion MALDI MS, such as MALDI FTICR MS, of matrix-coated samples made using the disclosed method and system can be used to detect and localize from 300 to 700 compounds of interest, such as 320 to 650, or 400 to 600, any number of which may be uniquely detected in a non-diseased portion of the biological sample and/or a diseased portion of the biological sample. The number and type of compounds detected can vary depending on the type of matrix solution that is used in the method.

In an exemplary embodiment, 367 lipids can be detected, including 72 compounds uniquely detected in a non-cancerous cell region, 34 compounds uniquely detected in the cancerous cell region, and 66 compounds showing significantly different distribution patterns (p<0.01) between the two cell regions.

In another exemplary embodiment, 242 peptide and protein signals within the m/z 3500 to 37500 mass range can be detected, with 64 species being uniquely detected in the cancerous cell region and 27 species showing significantly different distribution patterns (p<0.01).

The method and system embodiments disclosed herein can be used to make samples for MALDI-MS detection and/or lipidomic and proteomic imaging of clinical tissue samples, such as clinical tissue samples of human prostate cancer, particularly stage II. Using different MALDI matrices for lipid and protein detection, a large number of peptides and proteins can be successfully detected and imaged with positive ion MS detection, with particular embodiments providing the largest groups of lipids and proteins detected in human prostate tissue in a single mass spectroscopic imaging study. Results obtained from using coated biological samples prepared by the disclosed method and system indicate significant changes in both the lipid and protein profiles in the cancer cells as compared to those in the adjacent non-cancerous cells.

V. Working Embodiments Example 1

Materials and Reagents.

Unless otherwise noted, chemical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.). The “ESI tuning mix” solution was purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, Calif.). Rat liver, rat brain, and porcine adrenal gland specimens were purchased from Pel-Freez Biologicals (Rogers, Ark.). According to the accompanying sample information sheet, after harvesting, the tissue specimens were flash-frozen by slow immersion in liquid nitrogen to avoid shattering. The use of the animal organs involved in this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Victoria.

Tissue Sectioning.

The frozen tissue samples were sectioned to 12-μm slices in a Microm HM500 cryostat (Waldorf, Germany) at −20° C. and thaw mounted onto 25 mm×75 mm conductive ITO coated glass slides obtained from Bruker Daltonics (Bremen, Germany). The slides were then placed under a vacuum of 0.1 psi for 20 minutes before matrix coating. For protein analysis, the tissue sections were washed in Petri dish twice with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds followed by another wash with 95% ethanol for 15 seconds to remove lipids before vacuum drying and matrix coating.

Histological Staining.

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed based on a previously reported procedure by R. Casadonte and R. M. Caprioli, Nat. Protoc., 2011, 6, 1695-1709, the relevant portion of which is incorporated herein by reference, to obtain histological optical images.

Matrix Coating Assisted by an Electric Field.

MALDI matrix was coated inside a Bruker Daltonics ImagePrep matrix sprayer (Bremen, Germany) with an electronic sprayer. To apply a static electric field to a tissue section during matrix coating, the ITO-coated conductive slide (where the tissue section was mounted) was used as a positive or negative electrode plate. Another ITO-coated blank slide was used as the negative or positive electrode plate, and was placed parallel to and above the tissue-mounted ITO slide, 50 mm apart. The conductive sides of the two electrode plates were placed face-to-face. A voltage-adjustable power supply (Model 1672, B&K Precision Corp., Yorba Linda, Calif.) was used to apply DC voltages to the paired electrode plates through fine metal wires, which were connected to one edge of the conductive side for each of the two slides. The polarity of the tissue-coated slide was dependent on the ion detection mode of the subsequent MALDI-MS analysis. For positive ion MS detection, the tissue mounted slide was used as the positive electrode plate during matrix coating, while for negative ion MS detection the tissue mounted slide was the negative electrode plate during matrix coating.

For matrix coating, quercetin was prepared at a concentration of 2.6 mg/mL in 80:20 methanol:water, both containing 0.1% NH₄OH. Dithranol was dissolved in 70:30 acetonitrile (ACN):water, both containing 0.01% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to form a saturated matrix solution. 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT) was prepared at a concentration of 20 mg/mL in 80:20 methanol:water, both containing 2% formic acid (FA). 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) was prepared at 20 mg/mL in 70:30 ethanol:water (with 0.2% TFA in the final mixture). Sinapinic acid (SA) was prepared at a concentration of 25 mg/mL in 80:20 ACN:water (with 0.2% TFA in the final mixture). The matrix coatings for each of the matrices were composed of a 3-second spray, a 60-second incubation, and a 90-second drying per spray cycle, and thirty cycles were applied to the tissue. The Epson Perfection 4490 Photo Scanner was used for optical images of the tissue section capturing.

MALDI-MS.

Lipids were determined using an Apex-Qe 12-Tesla hybrid quadrupole-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, Mass.) equipped with an Apollo dual-mode electrospray ionization (ESI)/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ion source. The laser source was a 355 nm solid-state Smartbeam Nd:YAG UV laser (Azura Laser AG, Berlin, Germany) operating at 200 Hz. A 1:200 diluted Agilent “ESI tuning mix” solution prepared in 60:40 isopropyl alcohol:water (with 0.1% FA in the final mixture) was used for tuning and calibration of the FTICR instrument by infusing from the ESI side of the ion source at a flow rate of 2 μL/min, so that each MALDI mass spectrum contained the reference mass peaks for internal mass calibration. Mass spectra were acquired over the mass range from 150 to 2000 Da in both the positive and negative ion modes, with broadband detection and a data acquisition size of 1,024 kilobytes per second. MALDI mass spectra were recorded by accumulating ten scans at 100 laser shots per scan in MALDI-MS profiling experiments.

For tissue imaging, a 200-μm laser raster step size (the minimum possible for the laser source) was used, and four scans (100 laser shots per scan) were summed per array position (i.e., per pixel). For protein profiling and imaging, the mass spectra were collected on an Ultraflex III MALDI time-of-fight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, Mass.), which were equipped with a SmartBeam laser and operated at 200 Hz in the positive and linear mode over a mass range of m/z 3000 to 40000. A laser spot diameter of 100-μm and a raster step size of 50-μm were used for protein imaging. Teaching points were generated to ensure the correct positioning of the laser for spectral acquisition by the use of Flexlmaging 2.1 software (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, Mass.). The collected mass spectra were baseline corrected and intensity normalized by total ion current. A protein standard mixture in the mass range of m/z 5000 to 25000 was used for MALDI-TOF/TOF instrument external calibration, including insulin ([M+H]⁺, m/z 5734.52), ubiquitin I ([M+H]⁺, m/z 8565.76), cytochrome c ([M+H]⁺, m/z 12360.97), myoglobin ([M+H]⁺, m/z 16953.31), trypsinogen ([M+H]⁺, m/z 23982.00).

Data Analysis.

Lipid profiling data were viewed and processed using the Bruker DataAnalysis 4.0 software. A customized VBA script was used for batch internal mass calibration, peak de-isotoping, monoisotopic “peak picking”, and peak alignment. METLIN and LIPID MAPS metabolome databases, which are incorporated herein by reference, were used for match the measured m/z values to possible metabolite entities, within an allowable mass error of ±1 ppm. Three ion forms ([M+H]⁺, [M+Na]⁺, and [M+K]⁺) were allowed during database searching in the positive ion mode; the [M−H]⁻, [M+Na-2H]⁻, [M+K-2H]⁻, and [M+Cl]⁻ ion forms were allowed during database searching in the negative ion mode data processing. For protein data analysis, the Bruker FlexAnalysis 3.4 software was employed for protein spectra processing and viewing. A mass window of 0.3% and a signal to noise (S/N) ratio of 3 were selected for peak detection. The Bruker Flexlmaging 2.1 software was used to reconstruct the ion maps of both detected lipids and proteins. The PDQuest 2-D Analysis 8.0.1 software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.) was used to generate 3D maps.

Lipid Extraction and LC/MS/MS.

Total lipids from the same rat brain, which have been subjected to MALDI profiling or imaging, were extracted according to a described protocol by Borchers et al. (Anal. Chem., 2013, 85, 7566-7573 and Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 638-646), the relevant portion of which is incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, the rat brain tissue (ca. 20 mg) was homogenized in 200 μL of water by a Retsch MM400 mixer mill (Haan, Germany) with the aid of two 5-mm stainless steel balls for 30 seconds×2 at a vibration frequency of 30 Hz. Next, 800 μL of a mixed chloroform-methanol (1:3, v/v) solvent was added, followed by another 30-s homogenization step. Then, the tube was centrifuged at 4000×g and 4° C. for 20 minutes. The supernatants were collected and mixed with 250 μL of chloroform and 100 μL of water. After a short vortex mixing (˜15 seconds) and re-centrifugation at 10600×g for 5 minutes, the lower organic phase in each tube was carefully transferred to a new tube using a 200-μL gel loading pipette tip, and then dried in a Savant SPD1010 speed-vacuum concentrator (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, Mass.) and stored at −80° C. until used.

A Waters ACQUITY UPLC system coupled to a Waters Synapt HDMS quadrupole-TOF (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer (Beverly, Mass.) was used as a complementary technique for structural confirmation of most of the detected mass-matched lipid compounds. Briefly, the dried lipid extract residues were re-dissolved in 100 μL of chloroform and 8 μL aliquots were injected onto a Waters Atlantis® HILIC silica column (3 μm particle size, 4.6 mm i.d.×150 mm; Beverly, Mass.) for different lipid specie separations based on their head groups. LC/MS data were collected in both positive and negative ESI modes, with respective injections. MS/MS experiments were conducted using collision-induced dissociation (CID) applied to the trapping collision cell of the Q-TOF instrument. The optimal collision voltages were selected to obtain abundant product ions. UPLC-MS data were processed by the Waters MassLynx software (version 4.1) suite. Lipid identities were assigned by combining mass-matched metabolome database searching against the METLIN database with MS/MS spectral searching against the standard MS/MS libraries in the METLIN, HMDB, or LIPID MAPS databases.

Example 1A

In this embodiment, the ability of an electric field to enhance matrix deposition and on-tissue detection was determined. A Bruker ImagePrep electronic sprayer was used to disperse droplets of MALDI matrices. During the entire matrix coating process using the electronic sprayer, a uniform electric field was applied onto tissue sections that were mounted on the conductive side of ITO-coated microscopic glass slides. FIG. 1A provides a digital image of the particular system embodiment used for this particular method. In this embodiment, the tissue-mounted conductive glass slide acted as a positive or negative electrode plate, while a blank slide of the same type was placed in parallel to the tissue-mounted glass slide inside the sprayer chamber as an opposite-polarity electrode plate. The distance between the two slides was set at 50 mm. The conductive sides of the two slides were placed face-to-face. A direct current (DC) power supply was used to apply a static voltage to the two slides so as to form a uniform electric field between the two electrode plates. The polarity on each electrode plate was dependent on the subsequent MS detection mode. For positive ion detection, a DC voltage was applied to the tissue mounted slide, as indicated in the diagram of FIG. 2. For negative ion detection mode, the electrical field direction can be reversed.

In this particular embodiment, a series of 12-μm thick tissue sections prepared from a same rat liver were used and coated with quercetin (a commercially available MALDI matrix for lipidomic MALDI imaging). During the matrix coating, different DC voltages, ranging from 0 to +115 V (equivalent to electric field intensity=0 to 2300 V/m), were applied to the tissue-mounted slides. The quercetin matrix solution was used at a concentration of 2.6 mg/mL prepared in 80:20:0.1 (v/v) methanol:water:NH₄OH. After matrix coating using the procedure disclosed in X. Wang, J. Han, A. Chou, J. Yang, J. Pan and C. H. Borchers, Anal. Chem., 2013, 85, 7566-7573, the relevant portion of which is incorporated herein by reference, these tissue sections were subjected to positive ion MALDI-FTICR MS using the same set of instrumental operation parameters. Six randomly selected lipids with different ion intensities, which were detected on the tissue sections, including five phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and one cardiolipin (CL), i.e., [PC(20:4)+Na]⁺ (m/z 566.322), [PC(20:4)+K]⁺ (m/z 582.296), [PC(32:0)+K]⁺ (m/z 772.525), [PC(34:1)+K]⁺ (m/z 798.541), [PC(38:4)+K]⁺ (m/z 848.557), and [CL(1′-[18:2/0:0],3′-[18:2/0:0])+K]⁺ (m/z 963.476), were selected as the representatives for calculation of the S/Ns in order to compare and optimize the applied electric field intensity. Two ions (at m/z 622.029 and 922.010), generated by infusing the Agilent “ESI tuning mix” solution from the ESI side of the ion source during the MALDI acquisitions, were used as the MALDI-process independent internal standards, and the ion at m/z 922.010 was also used for peak intensity normalization.

FIG. 4 shows that the normalized signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) of the 6 lipid ions were significantly increased when an electric field was applied, compared to the electric field-free (i.e., electric field intensity=0) matrix coating. In addition, the observed S/Ns were directly proportional to the applied DC voltages and reached a plateau when electric field intensity was between 600-2,300 V/m. No higher electric field intensity was tested because the maximum allowable output voltage of the DC power supply was only 120 V; however, this particular parameter is not intended to be limited to +2300 V/m, as higher values could be achieved by using a power source capable of providing more than 120 V. The mass spectra acquired in positive ion MALDI-FTICR MS from two rat liver sections at electric field intensity=0 (control) and 600 V/m, respectively, are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, respectively. At electric field intensity=+600 V/m, signals from the detected compounds showed an overall increase in ion intensity, as compared to the control mass spectrum. Taking the [PC(38:4)+K]⁺ (m/z 848.557) ion as an example, a ca. 5-fold S/N increase was observed (FIG. 6).

In yet another embodiment, the ability to enhance on-tissue detection was also corroborated using additional prostate tissue sections. FIG. 29C shows two representative accumulated mass spectra acquired by MALDI TOF/TOF MS—with MCAEF (lower) and without MCAEF (upper)—from a cancerous region of a human prostate tissue section. This mirror plot shows that the MCAEF provides enhanced protein detection from clinical tissue sections in the positive ion mode, and also shows that the intensities and signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) of the detected proteins on the mass spectra increased when MCAEF was used. The increased detection sensitivity enabled imaging of peptides and proteins across the whole mass detection range, including many higher mass weight (MW) proteins. On average, the use of MCAEF increased the S/Ns of the proteins detected in the tissue sections by a factor of 2 to 5. Taking two protein signals at m/z 6730.9 and 7565.5 as examples, MCAEF produced MALDI-TOF MS S/Ns (inset) which increased by 2.2 and 4.1 fold, respectively. FIG. 29D shows the effect of MCAEF on the images of proteins detected on the prostate tissue sections (see the inset in FIG. 29C for the H&E staining image). Protein images for m/z 6730.9 and 7565.5 from a cancerous region of a prostate tissue section were observed at higher abundance with MCAEF than without MCAEF. MCAEF not only enhances protein detection in clinical tissue by MALDI-MS, but also allowed the imaging of 9 potential biomarkers that had not previously been observed in MALDI tissue imaging.

Example 1B

In this embodiment, the direction of the electric field was reversed and different negative DC voltages were applied to the tissue mounted glass slides to induce migration of the negatively chargeable compounds of interest from the tissue surface into the thin matrix layer, which would lower the detectability of positively charged compounds of interest by positive ion MALDI-MS. As expected, poorer detection of the compounds of interest (dominantly lipids) on these tissue sections was observed in the positive ion mode, as compared to that from the electric field-free tissue section. FIG. 5C shows the mass spectrum acquired from the tissue section with an applied electric field at electric field intensity=−600 V/m. The matrix-related signals dominate this mass spectrum and much weaker lipid signals are observed than those in the mass spectrum acquired with electric field intensity=0.

Example 1C

This embodiment considered whether the applied electric field could also be used for improved compound detection on other tissues and with both positive and negative ion detection by MALDI-MS. Mass spectra acquired from rat brain tissue sections in the positive and negative ion modes, with quercetin as the matrix and FTICR MS detection, with and without using disclosed embodiments, are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, wherein FIG. 7 illustrates results obtained from negative ion mode, and FIG. 8 illustrates results using a positive ion mode. As shown, embodiments using the disclosed method and system significantly increased the lipid ion intensities not only in the positive ion mode but also in the negative ion mode. An electric field intensity of 600 V/m produced a plateau in the normalized S/Ns for rat brain lipid detection in both ion modes, above which no further increase was observed. An average of nearly 5.0- and 3.5-fold ion S/N increases were observed in the positive and negative ion detection modes, respectively, by comparing the upper (electric field intensity=600 V/m) and lower (electric field intensity=0) mass spectra of FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. Lipids detected from rat brains in the positive ion mode were mainly observed in a relatively narrow mass range of m/z 300 to 1000, while the predominant mass range in the negative ion mode for lipid detection was from m/z 200 to 1800.

A total of 589 lipid entities were successfully identified from the mass spectra displayed in the upper part of FIGS. 7 and 8. The identification was made by querying the metabolome databases based on the accurate MW determination or by using LC-MS/MS. The identities of these lipids are listed in Tables 1 and 2 provided below.

TABLE 1 Protein detection on rat brain tissue sections with and without an electric field. Protein ion signals Electric No Electric (m/z) Field Applied Field Applied 3538.352

3574.169

3675.470

3722.314

3738.275

3751.462

3793.420

3856.084

3891.754

4380.737

4437.497

4565.023

4615.971

4742.510

4820.043

4850.346

4866.411

4958.820

4977.778

4999.222

5013.794

5036.899

5130.945

5290.598

5300.176

5340.387

5400.314

5461.456

5481.327

5520.340

5545.981

5562.035

5601.981

5618.717

5631.070

5900.012

5924.120

5979.074

6061.529

6075.297

6128.078

6271.526

6334.289

6418.093

6540.643

6575.130

6588.236

6644.152

6715.758

6786.200

6908.634

6979.785

6986.383

6997.897

7018.520

7034.812

7050.082

7057.714

7075.657

7083.171

7097.338

7104.476

7136.860

7147.423

7282.681

7378.487

7531.605

7541.610

7558.504

7573.349

7595.667

7700.027

7707.629

7720.801

7736.384

7759.090

7803.068

7840.094

7856.149

7927.220

7978.141

8016.580

8034.218

8073.785

8096.365

8120.045

8259.222

8339.613

8417.663

8450.153

8492.307

8562.401

8597.974

8664.928

8685.060

8713.341

8779.136

8810.965

8910.603

8924.707

8956.732

8967.925

9119.080

9132.718

9147.621

9176.434

9197.216

9203.226

9212.509

9243.498

9300.627

9503.180

9559.853

9663.323

9935.762

9976.006

10013.503

10198.138

10253.751

10370.585

10590.128

10607.870

10652.622

11078.268

11537.309

11963.735

12062.151

12130.072

12146.023

12163.804

12260.307

12291.298

12308.046

12327.349

12351.911

12367.192

12410.538

12434.191

13421.223

13466.899

13575.922

13789.797

13810.681

13820.738

13965.553

14003.416

14045.600

14121.058

14200.535

14235.549

14281.724

14328.400

14344.060

14393.459

14405.635

14973.410

15110.357

15152.184

15176.696

15195.367

15234.664

15268.705

15357.507

15399.658

15404.119

15418.693

15432.976

15820.416

15824.612

15852.240

15856.325

15875.164

15896.496

15900.631

15954.978

15967.970

16050.173

16107.413

16152.177

16190.145

16234.994

16253.407

16263.852

17089.323

17115.000

17144.049

17164.463

17207.265

17222.162

17259.827

17274.848

17334.371

17351.926

17371.440

17390.883

17412.142

17424.799

17452.507

18061.367

18083.002

18164.265

18185.156

18207.188

18237.883

18261.518

18319.127

18342.382

18400.232

18477.136

18489.507

18521.405

18604.993

19825.509

21415.798

21491.756

21641.791

21802.218

21891.382

23365.121

24607.516

24755.332

25520.125

26154.601

28246.062

28408.456

28735.535

29216.082

30355.263

31243.892

32493.131

35507.497

36731.709

Total number of 232 119 proteins/peptides

TABLE 2 Comparison of lipid detection on rat brain sections by MALDI-FTICR MS in the positive ion mode with and without an electric field and standard spray methods for quercetin coating, respectively. Measured m/z Error (ppm) Assignment Structurally Electric No Electric Calculated Electric No Electric Ion Molecular specific CID ions Classification No. Field Field m/z Field Field form Compound formula (m/z)^(a)) Glycerophospholipids Phosphatidylcholines (PCs) 1 478.32944 478.32921 478.32920 0.50 0.02 [M + H]⁺ PC(O-16:2) C₂₄H₄₈NO₆P 500.31143 500.31090 500.31115 −0.56 0.50 [M + Na]⁺ 516.28531 516.28499 516.28508 0.45 −0.17  [M + K]⁺ 2 502.32660 — 502.32680 −0.40 — [M + Na]⁺ PC(O-16:1) C₂₄H₅₀NO₆P 518.30102 518.30067 518.30073 0.56 −0.12  [M + K]⁺ 3 496.33958 496.33925 496.33977 −0.38 0.06 [M + H]⁺ PC(16:0) C₂₄H₅₀NO₇P 104, 184, 478, 496 534.29588 534.29559 534.29565 0.43 −0.11  [M + K]⁺ 4 504.34249 — 504.34245 0.08 — [M + Na]⁺ PC(O-16:0) C₂₄H₅₂NO₆P 5 516.30896 516.30887 516.30847 0.95 0.77 [M + H]⁺ PC(18:4) C₂₆H₄₆NO₇P 6 518.32450 — 518.32412 0.73 — [M + H]⁺ PC(18:3) C₂₆H₄₈NO₇P 7 506.36069 506.36056 506.36050 0.38 0.12 [M + H]⁺ PC(P-18:1) C₂₆H₅₂NO₆P 8 528.34262 528.34236 528.34245 0.32 −0.17  [M + Na]⁺ PC(O-18:2) C₂₆H₅₂NO₆P 544.31646 544.31639 544.31638 0.15 0.02 [M + K]⁺ 9 522.35543 — 522.35542 0.02 — [M + H]⁺ PC(18:1) C₂₆H₅₂NO₇P 104, 184, 504, 522 560.31143 560.31123 560.31130 0.23 −0.12  [M + K]⁺ 10 524.37155 524.37117 524.37107 0.92 0.19 [M + H]⁺ PC(18:0) C₂₆H₅₄NO₇P 104, 184, 506, 524 562.32725 562.32677 562.32695 0.53 −0.32  [M + K]⁺ 11 544.33975 544.33970 544.33977 −0.04 −0.13  [M + H]⁺ PC(20:4) C₂₈H₅₀NO₇P 104, 184, 526, 544 582.29603 — 582.29565 0.65 — [M + K]⁺ 12 546.35543 — 546.35542 0.02 — [M + H]⁺ PC(20:3) C₂₈H₅₂NO₇P 13 548.37134 548.37142 548.37107 0.49 0.64 [M + H]⁺ PC(20:2) C₂₈H₅₄NO₇P 586.32721 586.32713 586.32695 0.44 0.31 [M + K]⁺ 14 602.32135 602.32227 602.32186 −0.85 0.68 [M + K]⁺ PC(20:1) C₂₈H₅₄NO₈P 15 604.33734 604.33764 604.33751 −0.28 0.22 [M + K]⁺ PC(20:0) C₂₈H₅₆NO₈P 16 606.29509 606.29527 606.29565 −0.92 −0.63  [M + K]⁺ PC(22:6) C₃₀H₅₀NO₇P 17 608.31094 — 608.31130 −0.59 — [M + K]⁺ LysoPC(22:5) C₃₀H₅₂NO₇P 18 610.32647 610.32706 610.32695 −0.79 0.18 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:4) C₃₀H₅₄NO₇P 19 614.35804 614.35835 614.35825 −0.34 0.16 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:2) C₃₀H₅₈NO₇P 20 616.37402 616.37398 616.37390 0.19 0.13 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:1) C₃₀H₆₀NO₇P 21 618.38923 618.38967 618.38955 −0.52 0.19 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:0) C₃₀H₆₂NO₇P 22 644.40554 644.40537 644.40520 0.53 0.26 [M + K]⁺ LysoPC(24:1) C₃₂H₆₄NO₇P 23 646.42107 646.42079 646.42085 0.34 −0.09  [M + K]⁺ PC(24:0) C₃₂H₆₆NO₇P 24 648.43642 648.43664 648.43650 −0.12 0.22 [M + K]⁺ LysoPC(26:1) C₃₂H₆₈NO₇P 25 650.45257 650.45234 650.45215 0.65 0.29 [M + K]⁺ LysoPC(26:0) C₃₂H₇₀NO₇P 26 704.52283 704.52246 704.52248 0.50 −0.03  [M + H]⁺ PC(30:1) C₃₈H₇₄NO₈P 27 744.49463 744.49457 744.49401 0.83 0.75 [M + K]⁺ PC(30:0) C₃₈H₇₆NO₈P 28 766.47843 766.47811 766.47836 0.09 −0.33  [M + K]⁺ PC(32:3) C₄₀H₇₄NO₈P 29 770.51011 770.50981 770.50966 0.58 0.19 [M + K]⁺ PC(32:1) C₄₀H₇₈NO₈P 104, 184, 476, 732 30 734.57001 734.56974 734.56943 0.79 0.42 [M + H]⁺ PC(32:0) C₄₀H₈₀NO₈P 104, 147, 163, 184, 478, 735 756.55118 756.55161 756.55138 −0.26 0.30 [M + Na]⁺ 772.52504 772.52537 772.52531 −0.35 0.08 [M + K]⁺ 31 790.47857 790.47818 790.47836 0.27 −0.23  [M + K]⁺ PC(34:5) C₄₂H₇₄NO₈P 32 792.49424 792.49398 792.49401 0.29 −0.04  [M + K]⁺ PC(34:4) C₄₂H₇₆NO₈P 33 794.50967 — 794.50966 0.38 −0.01  [M + K]⁺ PC(34:3) C₄₂H₇₈NO₈P 34 796.52530 — 796.52531 0.90 −0.01  [M + K]⁺ PC(34:2) C₄₂H₈₀NO₈P 184, 758 35 760.58475 760.58524 760.58508 −0.43 0.21 [M + H]⁺ PC(34:1) C₄₂H₈₂NO₈P 86, 184, 577, 701, 761 782.56690 782.56776 782.56703 −0.17 0.93 [M + Na]⁺ 798.54062 798.54057 798.54096 −0.43 −0.49  [M + K]⁺ 36 762.60067 — 762.60073 −0.08 — [M + H]⁺ PC(34:0) C₄₂H₈₄NO₈P 163, 184, 762 784.58279 — 784.58268 0.14 — [M + Na]⁺ 800.55681 — 800.55661 0.25 — [M + K]⁺ 37 804.55102 — 804.55138 −0.45 — [M + Na]⁺ PC(36:4) C₄₄H₈₀NO₈P 184, 783 820.52564 820.52528 820.52531 0.40 −0.04  [M + K]⁺ 38 822.54083 — 822.54096 −0.16 — [M + K]⁺ PC(36:3) C₄₄H₈₂NO₈P 184, 785 39 792.56609 792.56663 792.56678 −0.87 −0.19  [M + K]⁺ 1-hexadecanyl-2-(8-[3]- C₄₄H₈₄NO₆P 184, 754 ladderane-octanyl)-sn- glycerophosphocholine 40 808.58219 808.58242 808.58268 −0.61 −0.32  [M + Na]⁺ PC(36:2) C₄₄H₈₄NO₈P 184, 787 824.55651 824.55618 824.55661 −0.12 −0.52  [M + K]⁺ 41 810.57727 — 810.57735 −0.10 — [M + K]⁺ PC(P-36:1) C₄₄H₈₆NO₇P 42 788.61632 — 788.61638 −0.08 — [M + H]⁺ PC(36:1) C₄₄H₈₆NO₈P 184, 789 826.57280 826.57220 826.57226 0.65 −0.07  [M + K]⁺ 43 828.58799 828.58806 828.58791 0.10 0.18 [M + K]⁺ PC(36:0) C₄₄H₈₈NO₈P 44 786.54364 786.54376 786.54322 0.53 0.69 [M + H]⁺ 1-(6-[5]-ladderane- C₄₆H₇₆NO₇P hexanoyl)-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)-sn- glycerophosphocholine 45 844.52562 844.52571 844.52531 0.37 0.47 [M + K]⁺ PC(38:6) C₄₆H₈₀NO₈P 46 846.54098 846.54121 846.54096 0.02 0.30 [M + K]⁺ PC(38:5) C₄₆H₈₂NO₈P 184, 627, 750, 809 47 810.60115 810.60045 810.60073 0.52 −0.35  [M + H]⁺ PC(38:4) C₄₆H₈₄NO₈P 184, 627, 752, 811 832.58253 832.58284 832.58268 −0.18 0.19 [M + Na]⁺ 848.55675 848.55723 848.55661 0.16 0.73 [M + K]⁺ 48 850.57247 850.57524 850.57226 0.25 −0.02  [M + K]⁺ PC(38:3) C₄₆H₈₆NO₈P 49 854.60371 854.60387 854.60356 0.18 0.36 [M + K]⁺ PC(38:1) C₄₆H₉₀NO₈P 50 840.62426 — 840.62430 −0.05 — M + K]⁺ PC(P-38:0) C₄₆H₉₂NO₇P 51 856.61945 856.61947 856.61921 0.28 0.30 M + K]⁺ PC(38:0) C₄₆H₉₂NO₈P 52 864.49419 — 864.49401 0.21 — [M + K]⁺ PC(40:10) C₄₈H₇₆NO₈P 53 866.50959 — 866.50966 −0.08 — [M + K]⁺ PC(40:9) C₄₈H₇₈NO₈P 54 852.53071 — 852.53040 0.36 — [M + K]⁺ 1-(8-[5]-ladderane- C₄₈H₈₀NO₇P octanoyl)-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)-sn- glycerophosphocholine 55 870.54027 870.54121 870.54096 −0.79 0.29 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:7) C₄₈H₈₂NO₈P 56 856.58277 856.58214 856.58268 0.11 −0.63  [M + Na]⁺ PC(40:6) C₄₈H₈₄NO₈P 86, 184, 776, 834 872.55643 872.55660 872.55661 −0.21 −0.01  [M + K]⁺ 57 874.57191 874.57235 874.57226 −0.40 0.10 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:5) C₄₈H₈₆NO₈P 86, 184, 778, 836 58 876.58767 876.58740 876.58791 −0.27 −0.58  [M + K]⁺ PC(40:4) C₄₈H₈₈NO₈P 86, 184, 780, 838 59 880.61923 — 880.61921 0.02 — [M + K]⁺ PC(40:2) C₄₈H₉₂NO₈P 60 882.63453 882.63526 882.63486 −0.37 0.45 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:1) C₄₈H₉₄NO₈P 61 906.63465 906.63497 906.63486 −0.23 0.12 [M + K]⁺ PC(42:3) C₅₀H₉₄NO₈P 62 908.65023 — 908.65051 −0.31 — [M + K]⁺ PC(42:2) C₅₀H₉₆NO₈P 63 910.66639 — 910.66616 0.25 — [M + K]⁺ PC(42:1) C₅₀H₉₈NO₈P 64 936.68227 — 936.68181 0.49 — [M + K]⁺ PC(44:2) C₅₂H₁₀₀NO₈P 65 956.65043 — 956.65051 −0.08 — [M + K]⁺ PC(46:6) C₅₄H₉₆NO₈P Phosphatidylethanolamines 1 476.25387 476.25392 476.25378 0.19 0.29 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-16:0) C₂₁H₄₄NO₆P (PEs) 2 490.23327 490.23326 490.23305 0.45 0.43 [M + K]⁺ PE(16:1) C₂₁H₄₂NO₇P 3 492.24870 — 492.24870 0.00 — [M + K]⁺ PE(16:0) C₂₁H₄₄NO₇P 4 514.23314 514.23336 514.23305 0.18 0.60 [M + K]⁺ PE(18:3) C₂₃H₄₂NO₇P 5 516.24847 516.24887 516.24870 −0.45 0.33 [M + K]⁺ PE(18:2) C₂₃H₄₄NO₇P 6 518.26421 518.26456 518.26435 −0.27 0.41 [M + K]⁺ PE(18:1) C₂₃H₄₆NO₇P 155, 265, 308, 339, 462, 480 7 504.28529 504.28536 504.28508 0.41 056 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-18:0) C₂₃H₄₈NO₆P 267, 403, 462 8 520.28006 520.28034 520.28000 0.12 0.65 [M + K]⁺ PE(18:0) C₂₃H₄₈NO₇P 140, 153, 196, 214, 283, 419, 437, 480 9 540.24891 — 540.24870 0.39 — [M + K]⁺ PE(20:4) C₂₅H₄₄NO₇P 153, 195, 259, 303, 439, 500 10 542.26438 — 542.26435 0.06 — [M + K]⁺ PE(20:3) C₂₅H₄₆NO₇P 11 544.28009 544.27983 544.28000 0.17 −0.31  [M + K]⁺ PE(20:2) C₂₅H₄₈NO₇P 12 546.29566 546.29528 546.29565 0.02 −0.68  [M + K]⁺ PE(20:1) C₂₅H₅₀NO₇P 13 510.35562 510.35532 510.35542 0.39 −0.20  [M + H]⁺ PE(20:0) C₂₅H₅₂NO₇P 548.31180 — 548.31130 0.91 — [M + K]⁺ 14 564.24874 564.24855 564.24870 0.07 −0.27  [M + K]⁺ PE(22:6) C₂₇H₄₄NO₇P 15 568.27959 568.28031 568.28000 −0.72 0.55 [M + K]⁺ PE(22:4) C₂₇H₄₈NO₇P 16 572.31115 572.31156 572.31130 −0.26 0.45 [M + K]⁺ PE(22:2) C₂₇H₅₂NO₇P 17 574.32675 574.32714 574.32695 −0.35 0.33 [M + K]⁺ PE(22:1) C₂₇H₅₄NO₇P 18 538.38622 — 538.38672 −0.93 — [M + H]⁺ PE(22:0) C₂₇H₅₆NO₇P 560.36859 — 560.36866 −0.12 — [M + Na]⁺ 19 602.35803 602.35847 602.35825 −0.37 0.37 [M + K]⁺ LysoPE(24:1) C₂₉H₅₈NO₇P 20 644.36862 — 644.36881 −0.29 — [M + K]⁺ PE(26:1) C₃₁H₆₀NO₈P 21 646.38438 646.38471 646.38446 −0.12 0.39 [M + K]⁺ PE(26:0) C₃₁H₆₂NO₈P 22 756.49369 756.49357 756.49401 −0.42 −0.58  [M + K]⁺ PE(34:1) C₃₉H₇₆NO₈P 23 740.49921 740.49934 740.49910 0.15 0.32 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-34:1) C₃₉H₇₆NO₇P 24 742.51414 — 742.51475 −0.82 — [M + K]⁺ PE(P-34:0) C₃₉H₇₈NO₇P 25 750.44734 750.44725 750.44706 0.37 0.25 [M + K]⁺ PE(34:4) C₃₉H₇₀NO₈P 26 758.51000 758.51025 758.50966 0.45 0.78 [M + K]⁺ PE(34:0) C₃₉H₇₈NO₈P 27 764.49904 764.49935 764.49910 −0.08 0.33 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-36:3) C₄₁H₇₆NO₇P 28 780.49412 780.49434 780.49401 0.14 0.42 [M + K]⁺ PE(36:3) C₄₁H₇₆NO₈P 29 782.50982 — 782.50966 −0.20 — [M + K]⁺ PE(36:2) C₄₁H₇₈NO₈P 30 768.53053 768.53035 768.53040 0.17 −0.07  [M + K]⁺ PE(P-36:1) C₄₁H₈₀NO₇P 31 784.52570 784.52487 784.52531 0.50 −0.56  [M + K]⁺ PE(36:1) C₄₁H₈₀NO₈P 32 770.54624 770.54633 770.54605 0.25 0.36 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-36:0) C₄₁H₈₂NO₇P 33 748.58529 748.58529 748.58508 0.28 0.28 [M + H]⁺ PE(36:0) C₄₁H₈₂NO₈P 607, 748 34 786.48354 786.48345 786.48345 0.11 0.00 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-38:6) C₄₃H₇₄NO₇P 35 802.47840 802.47873 802.47836 0.05 0.46 [M + K]⁺ PE(38:6) C₄₃H₇₄NO₈P 36 788.49835 788.49860 788.49910 −0.95 −0.63  [M + K]⁺ PE(P-38:5) C₄₃H₇₆NO₇P 37 804.49421 804.49397 804.49401 0.25 −0.05  [M + K]⁺ PE(38:5) C₄₃H₇₆NO₈P 38 790.51488 790.51451 790.51475 0.16 −0.30  [M + K]⁺ PE(P-38:4) C₄₃H₇₈NO₇P 39 806.50991 806.50956 806.50966 0.31 −0.12  [M + K]⁺ PE(38:4) C₄₃H₇₈NO₈P 341, 627, 768 or 259, 283, 303, 462, 480, 482, 500, 767 40 792.53052 — 792.53040 0.15 — [M + K]⁺ PE(P-38:3) C₄₃H₈₀NO₇P 41 810.54083 — 810.54096 −0.16 — [M + K]⁺ PE(38:2) C₄₃H₈₂NO₈P 42 774.60067 774.60072 774.60073 −0.08 −0.01  [M + H]⁺ PE(38:1) C₄₃H₈₄NO₈P 812.55688 812.55651 812.55661 0.33 −0.12  [M + K]⁺ 43 812.49979 812.49973 812.49910 0.85 0.78 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-40:7) C₄₅H₇₆NO₇P 44 828.49435 — 828.49401 0.41 — [M + K]⁺ PE(40:7) C₄₅H₇₆NO₈P 45 814.51441 814.51423 814.51475 −0.42 −0.64  [M + K]⁺ PE(P-40:6) C₄₅H₇₈NO₇P 46 830.50977 830.50921 830.50966 0.13 −0.54  [M + K]⁺ PE(40:6) C₄₅H₇₈NO₈P 47 816.53009 816.53073 816.53040 −0.38 0.40 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-40:5) C₄₅H₈₀NO₇P 48 832.52507 — 832.52531 −0.29 — [M + K]⁺ PE(40:5) C₄₅H₈₀NO₈P 49 818.54557 818.54653 818.54605 −0.59 0.59 [M + K]⁺ PE(P-40:4) C₄₅H₈₂NO₇P 50 834.54025 834.54078 834.54096 −0.85 −0.22  [M + K]⁺ PE(40:4) C₄₅H₈₂NO₈P 51 802.63128 802.63127 802.63203 −0.93 −0.95  [M + H]⁺ PE(40:1) C₄₅H₈₈NO₈P 52 850.47870 — 850.47836 0.40 — [M + K]⁺ PE(42:10) C₄₇H₇₄NO₈P 53 852.49475 852.49450 852.49401 0.87 0.57 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:9) C₄₇H₇₆NO₈P 54 854.51013 — 854.50966 0.55 — [M + K]⁺ PE(42:8) C₄₇H₇₈NO₈P 55 856.52505 — 856.52531 −0.30 — [M + K]⁺ PE(42:7) C₄₇H₈₀NO₈P 56 858.54080 — 858.54096 −0.19 — [M + K]⁺ PE(42:6) C₄₇H₈₂NO₈P 57 824.61619 — 824.61638 −0.23 — [M + H]⁺ PE(42:4) C₄₇H₈₆NO₈P 58 810.63704 810.63736 810.63712 −0.10 0.30 [M + H]⁺ PE(O-42:4) C₄₇H₈₈NO₇P 59 864.58775 864.58803 864.58791 −0.19 0.14 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:3) C₄₇H₈₈NO₈P 60 850.60853 850.60840 850.60865 −0.14 −0.29  [M + K]⁺ PE(P-42:2) C₄₇H₉₀NO₇P 61 845.67436 845.67442 845.67423 0.15 0.22 [M + Na]⁺ PE(42:2) C₄₇H₉₀NO₈P 62 852.62425 — 852.62430 −0.06 — [M + K]⁺ PE(P-42:1) C₄₇H₉₂NO₇P 63 868.61934 868.61952 868.61921 0.15 0.36 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:1) C₄₇H₉₂NO₈P 64 870.63471 870.63493 870.63486 −0.17 0.08 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:0) C₄₇H₉₄NO₈P 65 878.50911 — 878.50966 −0.63 — [M + K]⁺ PE(44:10) C₄₉H₇₈NO₈P 66 880.52546 — 880.52531 0.17 — [M + K]⁺ PE(44:9) C₄₉H₈₀NO₈P 67 886.57238 886.57251 886.57226 0.14 0.28 [M + K]⁺ PE(44:6) C₄₉H₈₆NO₈P 68 888.58780 888.58817 888.58791 −0.12 0.29 [M + K]⁺ PE(44:5) C₄₉H₈₈NO₈P 69 896.65061 — 896.65051 0.11 — [M + K]⁺ PE(44:1) C₄₉H₉₆NO₈P Phosphatidic acids (PAs) 1 475.22231 475.22224 475.22215 0.34 0.19 [M + K]⁺ PA(18:1) C₂₁H₄₁O₇P 79, 153, 171, 283, 437 2 477.23744 477.23741 477.23780 −0.75 −0.82  [M + K]⁺ PA(18:0) C₂₁H₄₃O₇P 3 497.20674 497.20681 497.20650 0.48 0.62 [M + K]⁺ PA(20:4) C₂₃H₃₉O₇P 153, 171, 259, 303, 457 4 499.22225 499.22247 499.22215 0.20 0.64 [M + K]⁺ PA(20:3) C₂₃H₄₁O₇P 5 501.23795 501.23790 501.23780 0.30 0.20 [M + K]⁺ PA(20:2) C₂₃H₄₃O₇P 6 487.27974 487.27973 487.27951 0.45 0.45 [M + Na]⁺ PA(20:1) C₂₃H₄₅O₇P 503.25357 503.25347 503.25345 0.24 0.04 [M + K]⁺ 7 525.23767 525.23791 525.23780 −0.25 0.21 [M + K]⁺ PA(22:4) C₂₅H₄₃O₇P 8 531.28493 531.28481 531.28475 0.34 0.11 [M + K]⁺ PA(22:1) C₂₅H₄₉O₇P 9 533.30057 533.30061 533.30040 0.32 0.39 [M + K]⁺ PA(22:0) C₂₅H₅₁O₇P 10 679.37367 679.37382 679.37356 0.16 0.38 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:4) C₃₅H₆₁O₈P 11 681.38952 681.38945 681.38921 0.45 0.35 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:3) C₃₅H₆₃O₈P 12 683.40493 683.40504 683.40486 0.10 0.26 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:2) C₃₅H₆₅O₈P 13 685.42113 685.42092 685.42051 0.90 0.60 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:1) C₃₅H₆₇O₈P 14 687.43633 687.43577 687.43616 0.25 −0.57  [M + K]⁺ PA(32:0) C₃₅H₆₉O₈P 15 643.50371 643.50361 643.50370 0.02 −0.14  [M + Na]⁺ PA(O-32:0) C₃₅H₇₃O₆P 16 709.42087 — 709.42051 0.51 — [M + K]⁺ PA(34:3) C₃₇H₆₇O₈P 17 711.43686 711.43679 711.43616 0.98 0.89 [M + K]⁺ PA(34:2) C₃₇H₆₉O₈P 79, 153, 255, 279, 391, 409, 671 18 697.47829 697.4780  697.47788 0.59 0.17 [M + Na]⁺ PA(34:1) C₃₇H₇₁O₈P 153, 255, 281, 391, 409, 417, 435, 713.45196 713.45177 713.45181 0.21 −0.06  [M + K]⁺ 673 19 699.47295 — 699.47255 0.57 — [M + K]⁺ PA(O-34:1) C₃₇H₇₃O₇P 20 701.45132 701.45151 701.45166 −0.48 −0.21  [M + Na]⁺ PA(P-36:5) C₃₉H₆₇O₇P 21 733.42038 733.42063 733.42051 −0.18 0.16 [M + K]⁺ PA(36:5) C₃₉H₆₇O₈P 22 735.43625 — 735.43616 0.12 — [M + K]⁺ PA(36:4) C₃₉H₆₉O₈P 23 737.45211 737.45231 737.45181 0.41 0.68 [M + K]⁺ PA(36:3) C₃₉H₇₁O₈P 279, 281, 415, 417, 433, 435 24 723.49388 723.49342 723.49353 0.48 −0.15  [M + Na]⁺ PA(36:2) C₃₉H₇₃O₈P 78, 153, 279, 283, 415, 419, 433, 739.46738 739.46750 739.46746 −0.11 0.05 [M + K]⁺ 437, 699 25 741.48304 — 741.48311 −0.09 — [M + K]⁺ PA(36:1) C₃₉H₇₅O₈P 79, 153, 281, 283, 417, 419, 435, 437, 701 26 727.46777 727.46771 727.46731 0.63 0.55 [M + Na]⁺ PA(P-38:6) C₄₁H₆₉O₇P 27 759.43543 — 759.43616 −0.96 — [M + K]⁺ PA(38:6) C₄₁H₆₉O₈P 153, 255, 283, 391, 409, 463, 481, 719 28 761.45158 761.45147 761.45181 −0.30 −0.45  [M + K]⁺ PA(38:5) C₄₁H₇₁O₈P 29 725.51175 725.51189 725.51158 0.23 0.43 [M + H] ⁺ PA(38:4) C₄₁H₇₃O₈P 153, 259, 283, 303, 419, 437, 439, 763.46801 763.46737 763.46746 0.72 −0.12  [M + K]⁺ 457, 723 30 749.50874 — 749.50918 −0.59 — [M + Na]⁺ PA(38:3) C₄₁H₇₅O₈P 765.48304 765.48387 765.48311 −0.09 0.99 [M + K]⁺ 31 751.52440 751.52478 751.52483 −0.57 −0.07  [M + Na]⁺ PA(38:2) C₄₁H₇₇O₈P 767.49919 767.49893 767.49876 0.56 0.22 [M + K]⁺ 32 771.53014 771.53026 771.53006 0.10 0.26 [M + K]⁺ PA(38:0) C₄₁H₈₁O₈P 33 785.45107 785.45156 785.45181 −0.94 −0.32  [M + K]⁺ PA(40:7) C₄₃H₇₁O₈P 34 787.46788 — 787.46746 0.53 — [M + K]⁺ PA(40:6) C₄₃H₇₃O₈P 153, 283, 327, 419, 437, 463, 481, 747 35 773.50955 — 773.50918 0.48 — [M + Na]⁺ PA(40:5) C₄₃H₇₅O₈P 153, 283, 329, 419, 789.48282 789.48298 789.48311 −0.37 −0.16  [M + K]⁺ 437, 465, 483, 749 36 777.54061 777.54072 777.54048 0.17 0.31 [M + Na]⁺ PA(40:3) C₄₃H₇₉O₈P 37 809.45195 — 809.45181 0.17 — [M + K]⁺ PA(42:9) C₄₅H₇₁O₈P Phosphoglycerols (PGs) 1 547.24304 547.24337 547.24328 −0.44 0.16 [M + K]⁺ PG(18:2) C₂₄H₄₅O₉P 2 573.25867 573.25907 573.25893 −0.45 0.24 [M + K]⁺ PG(20:3) C₂₆H₄₇O₉P 3 559.30057 559.30086 559.30064 −0.13 0.39 [M + Na]⁺ PG(20:2) C₂₆H₄₉O₉P 4 599.27421 599.27468 599.27458 −0.62 0.17 [M + K]⁺ PG(22:4) C₂₈H₄₉O₉P 5 603.30578 603.30597 603.30588 −0.17 0.15 [M + K]⁺ PG(22:2) C₂₈H₅₃O₉P 6 745.47747 — 745.47803 −0.75 — [M + K]⁺ PG(P-32:0) C₃₈H₇₅O₉P 7 743.48550 — 743.48576 −0.35 — [M + H]⁺ PG(34:4) C₄₀H₇₁O₁₀P 8 783.45732 783.45743 783.45729 0.04 0.18 [M + K]⁺ PG(34:3) C₄₀H₇₃O₁₀P 9 793.49954 793.49947 793.49901 0.67 0.58 [M + Na]⁺ PG(36:4) C₄₂H₇₅O₁₀P 10 817.53534 817.53567 817.53554 −0.24 0.16 [M + K]⁺ PG(36:0) C₄₂H₈₃O₁₀P 11 801.56403 — 801.56401 0.02 — [M + H]⁺ PG(38:3) C₄₄H₈₁O₁₀P 12 825.56146 825.56178 825.56161 −0.18 0.21 [M + Na]⁺ PG(38:2) C₄₄H₈₃O₁₀P 13 887.51967 — 887.51989 −0.25 — [M + K]⁺ PG(42:7) C₄₈H₈₁O₁₀P Phosphatidylserine (PS) 1 576.30642 576.30650 576.30621 0.36 0.50 [M + K]⁺ PS(P-20:0) C₂₆H₅₂NO₈P 2 592.30134 592.30146 592.30113 0.36 0.56 [M + K]⁺ PS(20:0) C₂₆H₅₂NO₉P 3 612.26968 612.26999 612.26983 −0.25 0.26 [M + K]⁺ PS(22:4) C₂₈H₄₈NO₉P 4 780.47812 — 780.47861 −0.63 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(34:3) C₄₀H₇₂NO₁₀P 5 808.50976 — 808.50991 −0.19 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(36:3) C₄₂H₇₆NO₁₀P 6 828.51537 828.51508 828.51514 0.28 −0.07  [M + K]⁺ PS(36:1) C₄₂H₈₀NO₁₀P 7 824.44713 — 824.44731 −0.22 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(38:9) C₄₄H₆₈NO₁₀P 8 826.46296 — 826.46296 0.00 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(38:8) C₄₄H₇₀NO₁₀P 9 846.46807 846.46837 846.46819 −0.14 0.21 [M + K]⁺ PS(38:6) C₄₄H₇₄NO₁₀P 10 830.47354 830.47361 830.47328 0.31 0.40 [M + K]⁺ PS(P-38:6) C₄₄H₇₄NO₉P 11 834.52516 — 834.52556 −0.48 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(38:4) C₄₄H₇₈NO₁₀P 12 854.49493 — 854.49426 0.78 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(40:8) C₄₆H₇₄NO₁₀P 13 856.50985 — 856.50991 −0.07 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(40:7) C₄₆H₇₆NO₁₀P 14 858.52587 — 858.52556 0.36 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(40:6) C₄₆H₇₈NO₁₀P 15 860.54139 — 860.54121 0.21 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(40:5) C₄₆H₈₀NO₁₀P 16 846.62150 846.62196 846.62186 −0.43 0.11 [M + H]⁺ PS(40:1) C₄₆H₈₈NO₁₀P 17 830.62688 — 830.62695 −0.08 — [M + H]⁺ PS(P-40:1) C₄₆H₈₈NO₉P 18 848.63714 848.63754 848.63751 −0.44 0.04 [M + H]⁺ PS(40:0) C₄₆H₉₀NO₁₀P 19 884.54178 — 884.54121 0.64 — [M + Na]⁺ PS(42:7) C₄₈H₈₀NO₁₀P Phosphatidylinositols (PIs) 1 919.47341 — 919.47334 0.08 — [M + K]⁺ PI(38:7) C₄₇H₇₇O₁₃P 2 925.52053 925.52050 925.52029 0.26 0.23 [M + K]⁺ PI(38:4) C₄₇H₈₃O₁₃P 240, 259, 283, 303, 419, 437, 439, 457, 581, 599, 601, 619, 886 3 945.48861 945.48858 945.48899 −0.40 −0.43  [M + K]⁺ PI(40:8) C₄₉H₇₉O₁₃P 4 915.59576 915.59563 915.59571 0.05 −0.09  [M + H]⁺ PI(40:4) C₄₉H₈₇O₁₃P 5 931.53324 — 931.53311 0.14 — [M + H]⁺ PI(42:10) C₅₁H₇₉O₁₃P 6 975.53674 — 975.53594 0.82 — [M + K]⁺ PI(42:7) C₅₁H₈₅O₁₃P 7 945.58259 — 945.58274 −0.16 — [M + Na]⁺ PI(P-42:6) C₅₁H₈₇O₁₂P 8 961.57721 — 961.57765 −0.46 — [M + Na]⁺ PI(42:6) C₅₁H₈₇O₁₃P Glycerophosphoinositol bis- 1 1035.43662 — 1035.43730 −0.66 — [M + K]⁺ PIP2(34:1) C₄₃H₈₃O₁₉P₃ phosphates (PIP2s) Glycerophosphoglycero-phos- 1 947.50279 947.50162 947.50212 0.71 −0.53  [M + Na]⁺ CL(1\′-[18:2(9Z,12Z)/ C₄₅H₈₂O₁₅P₂ phoglycerols (cardiolipins) 963.47618 963.47655 963.47605 0.13 0.52 [M + K]⁺ 0:0],3\′- [18:2(9Z,12Z)/0:0]) Cyclic phosphatidic acids 1 415.22193 415.22203 415.22200 −0.17 0.07 [M + Na]⁺ CPA(16:0) C₁₉H₃₇O₆P (cPAs) 431.19611 431.19616 431.19593 0.42 0.53 [M + K]⁺ 2 455.19572 455.19588 455.19593 −0.46 −0.11  [M + K]⁺ CPA(18:2) C₂₁H₃₇O₆P 3 441.23769 441.23724 441.23765 0.09 −0.93  [M + Na]⁺ CPA(18:1) C₂₁H₃₉O₆P 457.21177 457.21173 457.21158 0.42 0.33 [M + K]⁺ 4 443.25334 443.25320 443.25330 0.09 −0.23  [M + Na]⁺ CPA(18:0) C₂₁H₄₁O₆P 459.22743 459.22741 459.22723 0.44 0.39 [M + K]⁺ CDP-Glycerols 1 980.53779 — 980.53722 0.58 — [M + H]⁺ CDP-DG(34:1) C₄₆H₈₃N₃O₁₅P₂ 1018.49325 — 1018.49310 0.15 — [M + K]⁺ 2 982.55256 — 982.55287 −0.32 — [M + H]⁺ CDP-DG(34:0) C₄₆H₈₅N₃O₁₅P₂ 1020.50867 — 1020.50875 −0.08 — [M + K]⁺ 3 1010.58474 — 1010.58417 0.54 — [M + H]⁺ CDP-DG(36:0) C₄₆H₈₉N₃O₁₅P₂ 4 1058.58469 — 1058.58417 0.49 — [M + H]⁺ CDP-DG(40:4) C₅₂H₈₉N₃O₁₅P₂ 1096.54020 — 1096.54005 0.14 — [M + K]⁺ Glycerophosphate 1 467.25331 — 467.25330 0.02 — [M + Na]⁺ sn-3-O-(geranyl- C₂₃H₄₁O₆P 483.22728 — 483.22723 0.10 — [M + K]⁺ geranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate Sphingolipids Ceramides (Cers) 1 464.35032 464.35027 464.35005 0.58 0.47 [M + K]⁺ C-8 Ceramide C₂₆H₅₁NO₃ 2 602.49131 602.49122 602.49090 0.68 0.53 [M + K]⁺ Cer(d36:2) C₃₆H₆₉NO₃ 3 604.50685 604.50681 604.50655 0.50 0.43 [M + K]⁺ Cer(d36:1) C₃₆H₇₁NO₃ 4 684.47275 — 684.47288 −0.19 — [M + K]⁺ CerP(d36:1) C₃₆H₇₂NO₆P 5 632.53811 632.53823 632.53785 0.41 0.60 [M + K]⁺ Cer(d38:1) C₃₈H₇₅NO₃ 6 686.58456 686.58460 686.58480 −0.35 −0.29  [M + K]⁺ Cer(d42:2) C₄₂H₈₁NO₃ 7 766.55160 — 766.55113 0.61 — [M + K]⁺ CerP(d42:2) C₄₂H₈₂NO₆P 264, 749, 767 8 688.60044 — 688.60045 −0.02 — [M + K]⁺ Cer(d42:1) C₄₂H₈₃NO₃ Sphingomyelins (SMs) 1 703.57475 — 703.57485 −0.14 — [M + H]⁺ SM(d34:1) C₃₉H₇₉N₂O₆P 163, 184, 682 725.55673 725.55694 725.55680 −0.10 0.19 [M + Na]⁺ 2 753.58804 753.58822 753.58810 −0.08 −0.16  [M + Na]⁺ SM(d36:1) C₄₁H₈₃N₂O₆P 86, 184, 703, 731 769.56224 769.56187 769.56203 0.27 −0.21  [M + K]⁺ 3 797.59361 797.59355 797.59333 0.35 0.28 [M + K]⁺ SM(d38:1) C₄₃H₈₇N₂O₆P 614, 738 4 787.66858 — 787.66875 −0.22 — [M + H]⁺ SM(d40:1) C₄₅H₉₁N₂O₆P 825.62452 825.62481 825.62463 −0.13 0.22 [M + K]⁺ 5 813.68484 — 813.68440 0.54 — [M + H]⁺ SM(d42:2) C₄₇H₉₃N₂O₆P 652, 776 851.64041 851.64021 851.64028 0.15 −0.08  [M + K]⁺ 6 815.70041 — 815.70005 0.44 — [M + H]⁺ SM(d42:1) C₄₇H₉₅N₂O₆P 654, 778 837.68232 837.68204 837.68200 0.38 0.05 [M + Na]⁺ 853.65645 853.65568 853.65593 0.61 −0.29  [M + K]⁺ Glycosphingolipids 1 500.29867 500.29815 500.29841 0.52 −0.52  [M + K]⁺ Glucosyl sphingosine C₂₄H₄₇NO₇ 2 828.54447 — 828.54436 0.13 — [M + Na]⁺ LacCer(d30:1) C₄₂H₇₉NO₁₃ 264, 447, 465, 627, 789, 807 3 766.55942 766.55930 766.55938 0.05 −0.10  [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d36:1) C₄₂H₈₁NO₈ 4 856.57577 — 856.57566 0.13 — [M + Na]⁺ LacCer(d32:1) C₄₄H₈₃NO₁₃ 5 852.58713 — 852.58652 0.72 — [M + H]⁺ (3′-sulfo)Galβ- C₄₄H₈₅NO₁₂S Cer(d38:0(2OH)) 6 794.59095 794.59084 794.59068 0.34 0.20 [M + K]⁺ GalCer(d38:1) C₄₄H₈₅NO₈ 7 820.60674 820.60671 820.60633 0.50 0.46 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d40:2) C₄₆H₈₇NO₈ 8 836.60133 — 836.60124 0.11 — [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d16:2/ C₄₆H₈₇NO₉ 24:0(2OH)) 9 822.62190 822.62156 822.62198 −0.10 −0.51  [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d40:1) C₄₆H₈₉NO₈ 10 928.61212 — 928.61220 −0.09 — [M + K]⁺ LacCer(d36:1) C₄₈H₉₁NO₁₃ 11 832.66350 832.66332 832.66369 −0.23 −0.44  [M + Na]⁺ GlcCer(d42:2) C₄₈H₉₁NO₈ 848.63831 848.63842 848.63763 0.80 0.93 [M + K]⁺ 12 892.67158 — 892.67197 −0.44 — [M + H]⁺ LacCer(d36:0) C₄₈H₉₃NO₁₃ 13 850.65367 850.65337 850.65328 0.46 0.11 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d42:1) C₄₈H₉₃NO₈ 14 852.66911 — 852.66893 0.21 — [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d42:0) C₄₈H₉₅NO₈ 15 876.66849 876.66867 876.66893 −0.50 −0.30  [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d44:2) C₅₀H₉₅NO₈ 16 878.68466 878.68478 878.68458 0.09 0.23 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d44:1) C₅₀H₉₇NO₈ 17 1010.69083 — 1010.69045 0.38 — [M + K]⁺ Galβ1-4Glcβ- C₅₄H₁₀₁NO₁₃ Cer(d42:2) 18 1012.70616 — 1012.70610 0.06 — [M + K]⁺ Galβ1-4Glcβ- C₅₄H₁₀₃NO₁₃ Cer(d42:1) Sphingoid bases 1 264.19316 — 264.19340 −0.91 — [M + Na]⁺ (4E,6E,d14:2) C₁₄H₂₇NO₂ sphingosine Ceramide phosphoinositols 1 852.50034 — 852.49989 0.53 — [M + K]⁺ PI-Cer(t34:0(2OH)) C₄₀H₈₀NO₁₃P (PI-Cers) 2 838.61683 — 838.61678 0.06 — [M + H]⁺ PI-Cer(d38:0) C₄₄H₈₈NO₁₁P 3 864.63279 — 864.63243 0.42 — [M + H]⁺ PI-Cer(d40:10) C₄₆H₉₀NO₁₁P 4 866.64805 — 866.64808 −0.03 — [M + H]⁺ PI-Cer(d40:0) C₄₆H₉₂NO₁₁P 5 904.62434 — 904.62494 −0.66 — [M + Na]⁺ PI-Cer(t40:0) C₄₆H₉₂NO₁₂P 6 894.67917 — 894.67938 −0.23 — [M + H]⁺ PI-Cer(d42:0) C₄₈H₉₆NO₁₁P 7 1154.70941 — 1154.70921 0.17 — [M + K]⁺ MIPC(t44:0(2OH)) C₅₆H₁₁₀NO₁₈P Neutral Lipids Glycerolipids Monoacylglycerols (MAGs) 1 369.24037 369.24012 369.24017 0.54 −0.14  [M + K]⁺ MG (16:0) C₁₉H₃₈O₄ 239, 257, 313, 331, 369 2 379.28181 379.28191 379.28188 −0.18 0.08 [M + Na]⁺ MG (18:1) C₂₁H₄₀O₄ 395.25575 395.25583 395.25582 −0.18 0.03 [M + K]⁺ 3 397.27164 — 397.27147 0.43 — [M + K]⁺ MG (18:0) C₂₁H₄₂O₄ 4 417.24037 417.24025 417.24017 0.48 0.19 [M + K]⁺ MG (20:4) C₂₃H₃₈O₄ 5 419.25581 419.25577 419.25582 −0.02 −0.12  [M + K]⁺ MG (20:3) C₂₃H₄₀O₄ 6 425.26612 — 425.26623 −0.26 — [M + Na]⁺ MG (22:6) C₂₅H₃₈O₄ 7 445.27173 445.27173 445.27147 0.58 0.58 [M + K]⁺ MG (22:4) C₂₅H₄₂O₄ Diacylglycerols (DAGs) 1 551.50365 551.50347 551.50339 0.47 0.15 [M + H]⁺ DG(P-32:1) C₃₅H₆₆O₄ 573.48551 — 573.48533 0.31 — 589.45915 — 589.45927 −0.20 — 2 607.47032 607.47016 607.46983 0.81 0.54 [M + K]⁺ DG(32:0) C₃₅H₆₈O₅ 313, 551, 569 3 561.52376 561.52389 561.52412 −0.64 −0.41  [M + H]⁺ 1-tetradecanyl-2-(8- C₃₇H₆₈O₃ [3]-ladderane- octanyl)-sn-glycerol 4 631.47028 — 631.46983 0.71 — [M + K]⁺ DG(34:2) C₃₇H₆₈O₅ 5 633.48581 633.48582 633.48548 0.52 0.54 [M + K]⁺ DG(34:1) C₃₇H₇₀O₅ 6 619.50655 619.50647 619.50622 0.53 0.40 [M + K]⁺ DG(O-34:1) C₃₇H₇₂O₄ 7 635.50160 — 635.50113 0.74 — [M + K]⁺ DG(34:0) C₃₇H₇₂O₅ 229, 250, 301, 341, 597 8 655.47014 655.46930 655.46983 0.47 −0.81  [M + K]⁺ DG(36:4) C₃₈H₆₈O₅ 9 603.53505 603.53483 603.53469 0.60 0.23 [M + H]⁺ 1-(14-methyl-penta- C₃₉H₇₀O₄ 641.49026 641.49016 641.49057 −0.48 −0.64  [M + K]⁺ decanoyl)-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)-sn- glycerol 10 657.48501 — 657.48548 −0.71 — [M + K]⁺ DG(36:3) C₃₉H₇₀O₅ 11 589.55554 589.55568 589.55542 0.20 0.44 [M + H]⁺ 1-hexadecanyl-2-(8- C₃₉H₇₂O₃ 611.53758 — 611.53737 0.34 — [M + Na]⁺ [3]-ladderane- octanyl)-sn-glycerol 12 659.50127 659.50094 659.50113 0.21 −0.29  [M + K]⁺ DG(36:2) C₃₉H₇₂O₅ 13 661.51722 661.51710 661.51678 0.67 0.48 [M + K]⁺ DG(36:1) C₃₉H₇₂O₅ 14 621.48715 — 621.48774 −0.95 — [M + H]⁺ 1-(6-[5]-ladderane- C₄₁H₆₄O₄ hexanoyl)-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)-sn- glycerol 15 679.47020 679.46969 679.46983 0.54 −0.21  [M + K]⁺ DG(38:6) C₄₁H₆₈O₅ 16 681.48559 681.48600 681.48548 0.16 0.76 [M + K]⁺ DG(38:5) C₄₁H₇₀O₅ 17 683.50180 683.50168 683.50113 0.98 0.80 [M + K]⁺ DG(38:4) C₄₁H₇₂O₅ 18 687.53232 687.53220 687.53243 −0.16 −0.33  [M + K]⁺ DG(38:2) C₄₁H₇₆O₅ 19 689.54838 689.54863 689.54808 0.44 0.80 [M + K]⁺ DG(38:1) C₄₁H₇₈O₅ 20 682.45663 682.45673 682.45677 −0.21 −0.06  [M + Na]⁺ DG(40:8) C₄₃H₆₃D₅O₅ 250, 287, 301, 325, 660 21 699.43846 — 699.43853 −0.10 — [M + K]⁺ DG(40:10) C₄₃H₆₄O₅ 22 649.51967 649.51920 649.51904 0.97 0.25 [M + H]⁺ 1-(8-[5]-ladderane- C₄₃H₆₈0₄ octanoyl)-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)-sn- glycerol 23 635.53977 — 635.53977 0.00 — [M + H]⁺ 1-(8-[5]-ladderane- C₄₃H₇₀O₃ octanyl)-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)-sn- glycerol 24 651.53511 651.53446 651.53469 0.64 −0.35  [M + H]⁺ 1-(8-[3]-ladderane- C₄₃H₇₀O₄ octanoyl-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)-sn- glycerol 25 707.50059 707.50137 707.50113 −0.76 0.34 [M + K]⁺ DG(40:6) C₄₃H₇₂O₅ 26 725.45413 725.45443 725.45418 −0.07 0.34 [M + K]⁺ DG(42:11) C₄₅H₆₆O₅ Triradylglycerols (TAGs) 1 869.66542 — 869.66537 0.06 — [M + H]⁺ TG(54:11) C₅₇H₈₈O₆ 2 873.69664 — 873.69667 −0.03 — [M + H]⁺ TG(54:9) C₅₇H₉₂O₆ 3 995.70995 — 995.70991 0.04 — [M + Na]⁺ TG(62:15) C₆₅H₉₆O₆ 4 997.72583 — 997.72556 −0.14 — [M + Na]⁺ TG(62:14) C₆₅H₉₈O₆ 5 1035.68350 — 1035.68385 −0.34 — [M + K]⁺ TG(64:17) C₆₇H₉₆O₆ Other Glycerolipids 1 834.62108 834.62159 834.62183 −0.90 −0.29  [M + Na]⁺ 1-(9Z,1Z-octadecadienoyl)- C₅₀H₈₅NO₇ 2-(10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z- docosatetraenoyl)-3-O- [hydroxymethyl-N,N,N- trimethyl-beta-alanine]- glycerol Sterol Lipids 1 429.24054 429.24023 429.24017 0.86 0.14 [M + K]⁺ C24 bile acids and/or C₂₄H₃₈O₄ its isomers 2 457.27128 457.27125 457.27147 −0.42 −0.48  [M + K]⁺ 24-northornasterol A C₂₆H₄₂O₄ 3 423.30220 — 423.30237 −0.40 — [M + K]⁺ Dehydrocholesterol C₂₇H₄₄O 4 471.28682 — 471.28712 −0.64 — [M + K]⁺ C27 bile acids and/or C₂₇H₄₄O₄ its isomers 5 409.34413 409.34418 409.34409 0.10 0.22 [M + Na]⁺ Cholesterol C₂₇H₄₆O 425.31823 425.31836 425.31802 0.49 0.80 [M + K]⁺ 6 473.32356 473.32393 473.32375 −0.40 0.38 [M + Na]⁺ C27 bile acids and/or C₂₇H₄₆O₅ its isomers 7 489.31869 — 489.31866 0.06 — [M + Na]⁺ C27 bile acids and/or C₂₇H₄₆O₆ its isomers 8 485.30288 485.30306 485.30277 0.23 0.58 [M + K]⁺ Ergosterols and C24- C₂₈H₄₆O₄ methyl derivatives 9 431.32854 — 431.32844 0.23 — [M + Na]⁺ Conicasterol B C₂₉H₄₄O 10 497.33943 497.33956 497.33915 0.56 0.82 [M + K]⁺ C30 isoprenoids C₃₀H₅₀O₃ 11 777.41861 — 777.41859 0.03 — [M + K]⁺ Spirostanols and/or C₄₀H₆₆O₁₂ its isomers 12 827.41889 — 827.41898 −0.11 — [M + K]⁺ Spirostanols and/or C₄₀H₆₈O₁₅ its isomers Prenol Lipids 1 445.29235 445.29251 445.29245 −0.22 0.13 [M + Na]⁺ 19-(3-methyl-butanoyl- C₂₅H₄₂O₅ oxy)-villanovane- 13alpha,17-diol Fatty acyls Fatty acids (FAs) 1 319.20346 — 319.20339 0.22 — [M + K]⁺ FA(18:2) C₁₈H₃₂O₂ 2 321.21911 321.21914 321.21904 0.22 0.31 [M + K]⁺ FA(18:1) C₁₈H₃₄O₂ 3 343.20348 343.20408 343.20339 0.26 −0.90  [M + K]⁺ FA(20:4) C₂₀H₃₂O₂ 59, 80, 177, 205, 259, 303 4 367.20345 367.20339 367.20339 0.16 0.00 [M + K]⁺ FA(22:6) C₂₂H₃₂O₂ 5 393.29789 — 393.29753 0.92 — [M + Na]⁺ FA(22:0) C₂₂H₄₂O₄ 409.27128 409.27132 409.27147 −0.46 −0.37  [M + K]⁺ 6 465.33428 465.33448 465.33407 0.45 0.88 [M + K]⁺ FA(26:0) C₂₆H₅₀O₄ Number of Lipids Electric Field: 261 vs. No Electric Field: 208 Other compounds 1 322.05478 322.05479 322.05483 −0.16 −0.12  [M + K]⁺ Guanosine C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₅ 2 327.03528 — 327.03526 0.06 — [M + Na]⁺ Thymidine 3,5-cyclic C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₇P monophosphate 3 352.04158 352.04164 352.04174 −0.45 −0.28  [M + Na]⁺ Cyclic adenosine C₁₀H₁₂N₅O₆P 368.01550 368.01546 368.01568 −0.49 −0.60  [M + K]⁺ monophosphate (cAMP) 4 1146.50914 — 1146.50865 0.43 — [M + H]⁺ CoA(26:0) C₄₇H₈₆N₇O₁₇P₃S 1168.49083 — 1168.49060 0.20 — [M + Na]⁺ Number of Lipids Electric Field: 4 vs. No Electric Field: 2

FIG. 3 shows more detailed information on the classification of these identified lipids. Of the identified lipids, 261 were detected in the positive ion mode and 421 were detected in the negative ion mode. In contrast, only 344 lipids were detected and identified from the mass spectra which were acquired from the tissue sections without using the system and method embodiments disclosed herein, shown in the lower parts of FIGS. 7 and 8. Of the 344 lipids, 208 and 180 lipid entities were identified in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. The total number of lipids that were detected on the rat brain tissue sections showed that the disclosed method and system embodiments resulted in an approximately 70% increase in the number of the detected lipids. The disclosed system and method produced a nearly 25% increase (261/208) in the number of detected lipids in the positive ion mode and a 133% increase (421/180) in the negative ion mode. Among these detected lipids, 80 and 206 lipid entities, which respectively belonged to 13 and 18 lipid classes as summarized in FIG. 3, were only detectable in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively, when the electric field (electric field intensity=600 V/m) was applied during matrix coating. As is currently understood, the use of the method and system disclosed herein resulted in the largest number of lipids detected by MALDI-MS on rat brain tissue sections currently achieved in the art.

Example 1D

To determine whether the disclosed system and method would improve MALDI tissue imaging with the use of different MALDI matrices for the matrix coating, rat brain tissue sections were coated with four different MALDI matrices (quercetin, 2-MBT, dithranol, and 9-AA), which solutions were prepared in different solvents and having different pH values as described in above. FIGS. 9A-9C, FIGS. 11A-11C, and FIGS. 13A-13C show the paired images for the lipid [PS(36:1)+K]⁺ (m/z 828.515) using three different MALDI matrices (i.e., quercetin, 2-MBT, and dithranol), with (FIGS. 9B, 11B, and 13B) and without (FIGS. 9A, 11A, and 13A) the use of the electric field (electric field intensity=600 V/m) during the matrix coating. FIGS. 10A-10C, FIGS. 12A-12C, and FIGS. 14A-14C showed the paired images of the same lipid [PS(36:1)-H]⁻ (m/z 788.545) in the negative ion mode, using three different MALDI matrices (i.e., quercetin, 2-MBT, and 9-AA) and with or without the use of an electric field (electric field intensity=600 V/m) during the matrix coating. The lipid ion images obtained with the disclosed system and method show higher contrast due to the increased peak intensities, as compared to the corresponding control images, obtained without using the disclosed system and method embodiments. Considering the regions of hippocampus and hypothalamus of the rat brain as examples, both ions of PS(36:1) show distributions with finer spatial resolution using the disclosed system and method embodiments.

FIGS. 15A-15D and 16A-16D show the ionic images of four lipids, including two positive ion detected species, [PS(38:8)+Na]⁺ (m/z 826.463) and [PI(38:7)+K]⁺ (m/z 919.473), illustrated in FIGS. 15A-15D, and two negative ion detected species, [PS(36:6)-H]⁻ (m/z 778.467) and [PI(36:0)-H]⁻ (m/z 865.582), illustrated in FIGS. 16A-16D. These four lipids were not detectable on the control samples of rat brain tissue sections by MALDI-MS in embodiments where a disclosed embodiment of a method and system was not used; however, they were clearly detected in embodiments where a disclosed method and system embodiment was used. The successful detection of these lipids allowed MALDI imaging of these molecules in the tissue.

It was also determined whether the disclosed method and system could also improve MALDI imaging on tissue sections other than rat brain. Twelve-μm thick sections of porcine adrenal gland were used for imaging in both ion modes by MALDI-FTICR MS using quercetin as the matrix. Similarly, four lipids, i.e., m/z 848.637 [PS(40:0)+H]⁺ and m/z 975.535 [PI(42:7)+K]⁺, m/z 782.498 [PS(36:4)-H]⁻, and m/z 893.612 [PI(38:0)-H]⁻), which were not detectable in the control (electric field intensity=0) mass spectrum, were detected in positive and negative ion mode, respectively, using an embodiment of the disclosed method (FIGS. 17A-17D and 18A-18D, respectively). Moreover, for those weakly detected lipids in the control spectrum, including m/z 772.525 [PC(32:0)+K]⁺ and m/z 741.483 [PA(36:1)+H]⁺, and m/z 701.513 [PA(36:1)-H]⁻ and m/z 718.539 [PE(34:0)-H]⁻, the image quality of these lipids was significantly improved because of the use of a disclosed method embodiment which resulted in their finer-resolution distribution patterns in the porcine adrenal gland, as shown in FIGS. 17A-17D and 18A-18D.

These results illustrated that using disclosed system and method embodiments resulted in a remarkable enhancement of tissue imaging of lipids in the rat brain and in porcine adrenal glands in both positive and negative ion modes, and was also compatible with using different matrices. Considering the different solvents and the different pH values of the four matrix solutions, the improvements of tissue imaging with the disclosed system and method embodiments seems to be independent of the composition of the matrix solutions.

Example 1E

To determine if the disclosed system and method embodiments also enhanced on-tissue detection and imaging of proteins, SA was used as the matrix to coat 12-μm rat brain tissue sections, with and without an electric field, for MALDI-TOF MS imaging. FIG. 19 shows that the previously optimized electric field intensity (600 V/m) was also suitable for enhanced protein detection in the positive ion mode, and also shows that the intensities and S/Ns of the detected proteins on the mass spectra were greatly increased when an embodiment of the disclosed system and method was used. On average, using the disclosed system and method embodiments increased the S/Ns of the detected proteins on the tissue sections by a factor of 2 to 4. Considering myelin basic protein at m/z 14123.1 as an example, an embodiment of the disclosed system and method embodiments produced MALDI-TOF MS S/Ns (inset) which increased 2.3-fold. As was the case for lipids, the significantly increased detection sensitivity resulted in a larger number of proteins that were able to be detected in the rat tissue. With the disclosed system and method embodiments (electric field intensity=600 V/m), 232 protein signals were observed from the mass spectra, while only 119 protein signals were detected in the control spectrum without using the disclosed system or method. The increased detection sensitivity enabled imaging of peptides and proteins across the whole mass detection range, including many higher MW proteins. Observed protein signals are illustrated in Table 2, although the identities of most of these protein signals remain unknown. A person of ordinary skill in the art, however, could readily recognize methods for identifying these protein signals, such as by combining protein extraction, tryptic digestion, and LC-MS/MS.

FIGS. 20A-20I and FIGS. 21A-21I show the effect of the disclosed method and system on the images of proteins detected on the rat brain sections. Four proteins (at m/z 8956.73, m/z 12260.31, m/z 18489.51 and m/z 13810.68), which were detectable under both the control conditions (electric field intensity=0) and an embodiment of the disclosed method (electric field intensity=600 V/m), showed finer image resolution using an embodiment of the disclosed method and system. Spatial distributions of these proteins in the grey matter, white matter, and granular layer of the rat brain cerebellum region were more clearly observed because of the higher S/Ns. FIGS. 21A-21I shows the images of four small protein signals (m/z 8713.34, m/z 12434.19, m/z 5013.79, and m/z 7050.08). These four proteins were only detectable using an embodiment of the disclosed method and were not observable in the control embodiment. The images of these eight proteins show distinct distributions in the histological structure of the cerebellum, i.e., these protein species showed different localization in the cerebellum. Proteins represented by m/z 8956.73 and m/z 8713.34 were observed with higher abundance within the grey matter while the proteins of m/z 12260.31 and m/z 12434.19, and proteins of m/z 18489.51 and m/z 5013.79 were uniquely observed in the granular layer and the white matter of the rat brain cerebellum, respectively. Proteins of m/z 13810.68 and m/z 7050.08 were found mainly distributed in white matter and granular layers of the cerebellum, while the protein of m/z 13810.68 shows a higher abundance distribution at the end of the white matter and in the granular layers in the rat brain. This embodiment establishes that the disclosed method and system embodiments not only enhance protein detection on tissue by MALDI-MS, but also provides the opportunity to successfully image some proteins that were not previously observable in the MALDI tissue imaging experiments.

The results disclosed above demonstrate that the disclosed method and system provides increased S/Ns and higher numbers of lipids and proteins detected on tissue by MALDI-MS. The disclosed method and system showed good compatibility not only with different tissue samples but also with different MALDI matrices that were prepared in different solvents with different pH values. Without being limited to a single theory of operation, it is currently believed that the electric field-induced matrix droplet polarization and subsequent on-tissue micro-extraction of the chargeable compounds of interest into the matrix layers promotes the improved MALDI-MS detection and imaging.

Example 2

Materials and Chemicals:

A human prostate cancer specimen was obtained from BioServe Biotechnologies (Beltsville, Md., USA). The tissue specimen was obtained from a 64-year old male patient during prostate cancer surgical removal, with the patient's informed consent. According to the accompanying pathological classification information, the prostate cancer was diagnosed at stage II. This tissue specimen was stored at −80° C. upon receipt. Use of the human samples involved in this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Victoria. The “ESI tuning mix” solution was purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, Calif., USA). The rabbit polyclonal antibody against human apoliprotein C-I (ab85870) and the biotinylated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG, ab97051) were purchased from Abcam Inc. (Cambridge, Mass., USA). Unless otherwise noted, all other chemical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo., USA).

Tissue Sectioning:

The frozen prostate specimen was sectioned at −20° C. in a cryostat (Microm HM500, Waldorf, Germany). Serial tissue sections of 12-μm thickness were immediately thaw-mounted onto 25 mm×75 mm ITO-coated electrically conductive microscopic glass slides obtained from Bruker Daltonics (Bremen, Germany). Before matrix application, the tissue mounted slides were placed under a vacuum of 0.1 psi for 15 minutes in Savant SPD1010 SpeedVac Concentrator (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA). For protein MS analysis, the tissue sections were washed in Petri dish twice with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds followed by another wash with 95% ethanol for 15 seconds to remove lipids, before vacuum drying and matrix coating. In some embodiments, the tissue sections were washed in Petri dish twice with 70% ethanol for 30 s followed by another wash with 95% ethanol for 15 s to remove lipids before matrix application. Subsequently, the tissue mounted slides were placed under a vacuum of 0.1 psi for 15 min in Savant SPD1010 SpeedVac Concentrator (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA) for vacuum drying.

Histological Staining:

To obtain histological optical images of prostate tissue sections, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed according to a previously reported procedure.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunostaining of the frozen tissue specimens was done using the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method with the ‘Cell and Tissue Staining” kit. Briefly, three frozen tissue sections (10 μm thick) were incubated in 0.3% hydrogen peroxide (peroxidase blocking reagent) for 15 min to block endogenous peroxide activity. The tissue sections were then exposed to the serum blocking reagent to block nonspecific binding, and endogenous avidin and biotin were blocked with the avidin-biotin blocking reagent. Two of the three tissue sections were incubated separately for 16 h at 4° C. with the two mouse monoclonal antibodies against human S100A6 and S100A8, both of which were diluted 1 to 32 with an incubation buffer composed of 1% bovine serum albumin, 1% normal donkey serum, 0.3% Triton® X-100, and 0.01% sodium azide in PBS. The tissue sections were then treated with biotinylated anti-mouse IgG for 60 min, followed by another treatment with the high sensitivity Streptavidin-HRP conjugate (HSS-HRP) reagent for 30 min, and stained with the DAB/aminoethylcarbazole chromogen solution according to the supplier's protocol. The DAB enhancer reagent (CTS010) was used to intensify the color reaction of the DAB chromogen solution. Counterstaining was done with Gill's hematoxylin (Sigma-Aldrich,). For the apolipoprotein C-I immunohistochemical analysis, the rabbit poyclonal antibody against human apoliprotein C-I and the biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG were used as the primary and secondary antibodies, respectively, using the same protocol as for human S100A6 and S100A8. Exemplary results are illustrated in FIGS. 33A and 33B.

Matrix Coating:

For lipid analysis, quercetin was dissolved in a mixed methanol:water:25% NH₄OH (80:20:0.4, v/v) solution at a matrix concentration of 2.6 mg/mL. SA was prepared at a concentration of 25 mg/mL in a mixed acetonitrile:water:trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (80:20:0.2, v/v) solution, and this was used as the matrix solution for protein analysis. In some embodiments, a standard protein, insulin (m/z 5734.2) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo., USA) and added at an optimized concentration of 30 ng/ml to the matrix solution for the protein analysis from the prostate tissue sections. Insulin was used as an internal standard to normalize signal intensities. Tissue sections were coated with the quercetin or SA matrix using a Bruker Daltonics ImagePrep matrix electronic sprayer (Bremen, Germany). The matrix coatings for each matrix were composed of a 3-second spray, a 60-second incubation period, and a 90-second drying per spray cycle; thirty spray cycles were applied. During the entire process of matrix deposition, a static and uniform electric field at an intensity of +600 V/m was applied to the tissue-mounted glass slides in order for enhanced positive ion MADLI-MS detection. An Epson Perfection 4490 Photo Scanner (Seiko Epson Corp., Japan) was used to capture optical images of the tissue sections.

MALDI-MS:

An Apex-Qe 12-Tesla hybrid quadrupole-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, Mass., USA), equipped with an Apollo dual-mode electrospray ionization (ESI)/MALDI ion source, was used for the lipid analysis. The laser source was a 355-nm solid-state Smartbeam Nd:YAG UV laser (Azura Laser AG, Berlin, Germany) that was operated at 200 Hz. To acquire MALDI mass spectra which contained reference mass peaks for internal mass calibration, a 1:130 (v/v) diluted Agilent “ESI tuning mix” solution, prepared in isopropanol-water (60:40:0.1, v/v), was infused from the ESI side of the ion source at a flow rate of 2 μL/minute. Mass spectra were acquired over the range of m/z 150 to 1,200 Da. Each MALDI mass spectrum was recorded by accumulating ten scans at 100 laser shots per scan for MALDI-MS profiling. For imaging, the minimum possible laser raster step size of the laser source, 200 μm, was used, and five scans at 100 laser shots per scan were summed per array position.

For protein profiling and imaging, the mass spectra were acquired on an Ultraflex III MALDI time-of-fight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, Mass., USA), which was equipped with a SmartBeam nitrogen UV laser that was operated at 337 nm and 200 Hz, in the positive ion linear mode. The mass-detection range was m/z 3500 to 37500. A laser spot diameter of 100 μm and a raster step size of 200 μm were used for imaging data acquisition. Teaching points were generated to ensure the correct positioning of the laser for spectral acquisition by the use of the Bruker's Flexlmaging 2.1 software. As in a previous study, the collected mass spectra were baseline corrected and each peak intensity was normalized by total ion current. A mixture of standard proteins including insulin ([M+H]⁺, m/z 5734.5), ubiquitin I ([M+H]⁺, m/z 8565.8), cytochrome c ([M+H]⁺, m/z 12361.0), myoglobin ([M+H]⁺, m/z 16953.3), and trypsinogen ([M+H]⁺, m/z 23982.0), was used for external mass calibration.

Data Analysis:

Lipid profiling spectra were processed using the Bruker DataAnalysis 4.0 software. Batch internal mass calibration, peak de-isotoping, and monoisotopic “peak picking,” were processed using a customized VBA script within DataAnalysis. Another custom program written with the LabView development suite was used for peak alignment with an allowable mass error of 2 ppm. To preliminarily assign the detected compounds, the metabolome databases including METLIN, LIPID MAPS, and HMDB, were used for matching the measured m/z values to possible metabolite entities, within a mass error of ±1 ppm. Three ion forms ([M+H]⁺, [M+Na]⁺, and [M+K]⁺) were allowed during the database searching. The Bruker FlexAnalysis 3.4 software was employed for protein mass spectral processing and viewing. A mass window of 0.3% and a signal to noise (S/N) ratio of 3 were selected for peak detection.

The Bruker Flexlmaging 2.1 software was used to reconstruct the ion maps of the detected lipids and proteins. Statistical t-tests were conducted using Microsoft Excel 2010.

Lipid Extraction and LC-MS/MS:

Total lipids were extracted from a ca. 25-mg aliquot of the human prostate tissue using a protocol previously described. Briefly, the tissue was homogenized with 200-μL water in a 2-mL Eppendorf tube with the aid of two 5-mm stainless steel balls at a vibrating frequency of 30 Hz for 30 seconds×2 on a Retsch MM400 mixer mill (Haan, Germany). Next, 800 μL of a mixed chloroform-methanol (1:3, v/v) solvent was added, followed by another 30-s homogenization step. The tube was then centrifuged at 10,600×g and 4° C. for 20 minutes in microcentrifuge. The supernatant was carefully transferred to a 1.5-mL Eppendorf tube and mixed with 250 μL of chloroform and 100 μL of water. After 15-s vortex mixing and centrifugation at 10,600×g for 5 minutes, the lower organic phase was carefully taken out using a 200-μL gel loading pipette tip and then dried in a Savant SPD1010 speed vacuum concentrator. The residue was suspended in 100 μL of 2% ACN containing 0.1% TFA, and an 8-μL aliquot was injected.

A Waters ACQUITY UPLC system coupled to a Waters Synapt HDMS quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer (Waters, Inc., Beverly, Mass., USA) was used for LC-MS/MS of lipids as a complementary technique for structural confirmation, using the same procedure as described previously. Assignment of the lipids was performed by comparing the acquired MS/MS spectra with those in the standard MS/MS libraries of the METLIN, HMDB, or LIPID MAPS database.

Protein Extraction, Digestion, and LC-MS/MS Analysis: The protein precipitate from the lipid extraction step described above was resuspended in 300 μL of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃/25 mM dithiothreitol (pH 7.8) and incubated at 56° C. for 50 minutes. Next, the alkylation was performed by adding 300 μL of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃/100 mM idoacetamide and placing the sample in dark at room temperature for 45 minutes. After reaction, 15 μL of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃/1 M DTT was added to quench the reaction and 200 μL of 50 ng/μL sequencing-grade modified trypsin/25 mM NH₄HCO₃ solution was added. The digestion was allowed to proceed at 37° C. overnight, after which the reaction was quenched by adding 800 μL of 0.2% TFA in water. The mixed solution was loaded onto an Oasis HLB 3 cc/200 mg cartridge (Waters Inc., Milford, Mass., USA). After washes with 3×1 mL of 0.1% TFA, the peptides were eluted with 3×600 μL of 75% ACN in water containing 0.1% TFA. The pooled elutes were dried down in the same speed vacuum concentrator.

The residue was suspended in 100 μL of 2% ACN containing 0.1% TFA, and an 8-μL aliquot was loaded onto a Magic C18-AQ trapping column (100 μm I.D., 2 cm length, 5 μm, 100 Å) and separated on an in-house packed Magic C-18AQ capillary column (75 μm I.D.×15 cm, 5 μm, 100 Å, Michrom BioResources Inc, Auburn, Calif., USA) at a flow rate of 300 nl/minute using a Thermo Scientific EASY-nLC II system. The chromatographic system was coupled on-line to an LTQ Orbitrap Velos Pro mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany), equipped with a nano-flow electrospray ionization source operated in the positive ion mode. The mobile phase was 2% ACN in water/0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and 90% ACN in water/0.1% formic acid (solvent B) for binary gradient elution. The peptides were chromatographed on the analytical column using an elution gradient of 5% to 45% B in 45 minutes; 45% to 80% B in 2 minutes and 80% to 100% B in 2 minutes. The column was then equilibrated at 5% B for 8 minutes before the next injection. The ESI voltage was 2.3 kV and the ion transfer capillary temperature was 250° C. Other MS operation parameters included a survey scan m/z range of 400 to 2000 Da, with the data recorded in the profile mode. Survey scans were detected in the FTMS mode at 60000 FWHM (m/z 400). The automatic gain control (AGC) target was 1e6 with one microscan and a maximum inject time of 500 ms. To ensure FT detection mass accuracy, a lock mass at m/z 445.120024 (a ubiquitous siloxane contaminant) was used for real-time internal mass calibration throughout the LC-MS runs. For MS/MS, the fifteen most intense ions with charge states of +2 to +4 which had ion counts exceeding 5,000 in the survey scan were selected for collision-induced dissociation (CID) in the ion trap and the data were recorded in the centroid mode. Dynamic exclusion was applied with the following settings: repeat count, 2; repeat duration, 15 seconds; exclusion list size, 500; exclusion duration, 60 seconds and mass exclusion window, 10 ppm. The CID activation settings were as follows: isolation window, 2 Da; AGC target, 1e4; maximum ion trap inject time, 100 ms; activation time, 10 ms; activation Q, 0.250. The normalized collision energy was 35%.

The raw data files were analyzed with the Proteome Discoverer 1.4.0.228 software suite (Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany) to generate peak lists for proteome database searching. Protein identification was carried out with an in-house Mascot 2.2 server, searching against the Uniprot-Swissprot 20110104 (523151 sequences; 184678199 residues) and Uniprot_Trembl 130912 (41,451,118 sequences; 13208986710 residues) within the taxonomy of Homo sapiens and with the following parameters: precursor tolerance, 10 ppm; MS/MS tolerance, 0.6 Da; allowable missed cleavages during trypsin digestion, 1; fixed amino acid modification: carbamidomethylation (C); variable amino acid modification(s): deamidation (N,Q), oxidation (M), and phosphorylation (S/T/Y). The validation of the peptide assignments was based on q-Value with the Percolator settings: Max delta Cn, 0.05; Target FDR (strict), 0.01, and Target FDR (relaxed), 0.05.

Optimization of Insulin Concentration in Matrix Solution for Use as an Internal Standard for MALDI-TOF MS Analysis

To normalize the signal intensities between different experiments, a standard protein (insulin) was added into the SA solution during matrix preparation to form a series of concentrations from 0 to 1600 ng/ml, with concentration intervals of 100 ng/ml. These solutions were then spotted onto a clean ITO-coated electrically conductive microscopic glass slide (FIG. 29A). After drying, the glass slide was loaded into the MALDI TOF/TOF MS for direct detection of the protein. Each spot was analyzed at least three times. As shown in FIG. 29A, similar insulin mass spectra were observed from the same concentration spot, indicating the stability of MALDI TOF/TOF MS for protein detection. FIG. 29B shows the standard curve generated from insulin spots with different concentrations. The linear concentration range for insulin was from 500 to 1300 ng/ml, and the optimum concentration of insulin was found to be 900 ng/ml. Thirty spray cycles with the ImagePrep matrix electronic sprayer was used for matrix coating at an initial concentration of insulin of 30 ng/ml. At this concentration, the relative intensity of insulin was within the linear concentration region and close to that of the 900 ng/ml insulin spot (FIG. 29B), indicating that 30 ng/ml of insulin in the SA matrix solution is the optimized concentration.

Example 2A

This embodiment concerns using the disclosed method and system to prepare biological samples of human prostate tissue sections to facilitate the detection of a large number of compounds of interest. FIG. 22 shows two accumulated mass spectra acquired by MALDI-FTICR MS from the cancerous region (upper) and the adjacent non-cancerous region (lower) of a human prostate tissue section. Both spectra show a large number of observed signals in the mass range from m/z 400 to 1200, with 367 identified lipid entities. As shown in Tables 3 to 5, most of these lipids were assigned as glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and neutral lipids and were in the sub-classes of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acids (PA), phosphoglycerol (PG), sphingomyelin (SM), glycoceramide (Gly-Cer), diacylglycerol (DG), and triacylglycerol (TG). The ion maps of these lipids were reconstructed and their distribution patterns were observed. Among the 367 identified lipids, 72 and 34 compounds were uniquely detectable in the non-cancerous cell region and the cancerous cell region, respectively, as summarized in Table 3, below and Tables 4 and 5.

TABLE 3 Summary of lipids and proteins detected in the human prostate cancer (stage II) tissue Unique distribution Non-cancerous region vs. Non-cancerous Cancerous Cancerous region (t-test) Classes region region P < 0.05 P < 0.01 Lipids 72 34 48 66 Proteins — 64 69 27

TABLE 4 Summary of lipids detected only in the non-cancerous region of the imaged prostate tissue section. Assignment Structurally Ion Molecular specific CID ions No. m/z form Compound formula (m/z)^(a)) 1 482.324116 [M + H]+ PE(18:0) C23H48NO7P 140, 153, 196, 214, 283, 419, 437, 480 2 480.34492 [M + H]+ PC(O-16:1) C24H50NO6P 3 573.260875 [M + K]+ PG(20:3) C26H47O9P 4 535.334498 [M + H]+ PC(18:1) C26H50NO8P 5 541.349996 [M + H]+ PG(20:0) C26H53O9P 6 510.390943 [M + H]+ PC(O-18:0) C26H56NO6P 7 585.340781 [M + H]+ PI(P-18:0) C27H53O11P 8 552.342446 [M + Na]+ 2-(8-[3]-ladderane- C28H52NO6P octanyl)-sn-glycero- 3-phosphocholine 9 605.321528 [M + K]+ PG(22:1) C28H55O9P 10 566.380702 [M + H]+ PC(20:0) C28H56NO8P 11 546.44928 [M + Na]+ Cer(d32:2) C32H61NO4 12 593.400982 [M + K]+ TG(30:0) C33H62O6 13 534.488071 [M + H]+ Cer(d34:3) C34H63NO3 14 538.519371 [M + H]+ Cer(d34:1) C34H67NO3 15 554.514353 [M + H]+ Cer(34:1) C34H67NO4 16 658.445073 [M + H]+ PE(30:3) C35H64NO8P 17 647.464632 [M + H]+ PA(32:1) C35H67O8P 18 623.410847 [M + K]+ DG(34:6) C37H60O5 19 793.423897 [M + K]+ PI(28:0) C37H71O13P 20 581.550337 [M + H]+ DG(O-34:1) C37H72O4 21 639.555817 [M + H]+ TG(36:0) C39H74O6 22 659.450318 [M + K]+ 1-(6-[5]-ladderane- C41H64O4 hexanoyl)-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)- sn-glycerol 23 637.556702 [M + H]+ 1-(8-[3]-ladderane- C43H72O3 octanyl)-2-(8-[3]- ladderane-octanyl)- sn-glycerol 24 1077.447313 [M + H]+ PIP3(34:1) C43H84O22P4 25 737.579229 [M + Na]+ TG(42:4) C45H78O6 26 959.598538 [M + K]+ PI(40:1) C49H93O13P 27 866.674677 [M + H]+ PC(42:4) C50H92NO8P 28 884.721341 [M + H]+ PE(46:2) C51H98NO8P 29 1044.695504 [M + H]+ MIPC(d40:0(2OH)) C52H102NO17P 30 1060.692005 [M + H]+ MIPC(t40:0(2OH)) C52H102NO18P 31 892.678982 [M + H]+ PC(44:5) C52H94NO8P 32 855.740554 [M + Na]+ TG(50:1) C53H100O6 33 857.756862 [M + Na]+ TG(50:0) C53H102O6 34 867.686781 [M + K]+ TG(50:3) C53H96O6 35 868.689902 [M + K]+ TG(50:0)(d5) C53H97D5O6 36 853.722748 [M + Na]+ TG(50:2) C53H98O6 37 1087.686544 [M + Na]+ Ganglioside GA2 (34:1) C54H100N2O18 38 944.707876 [M + Na]+ PC(46:4) C54H100NO8P 39 998.747813 [M + Na]+ LacCer(d42:0) C54H105NO13 40 1094.678338 [M + K]+ MIPC(d42:0) C54H106NO16P 41 1072.727123 [M + H]+ MIPC(d42:0(2OH)) C54H106NO17P 42 1088.717745 [M + H]+ MIPC(t42:0(2OH)) C54H106NO18P 1110.706325 [M + Na]+ 1126.686791 [M + K]+ 43 928.772882 [M + H]+ PC(46:1) C54H106NO8P 44 952.783645 [M + Na]+ PC(46:0) C54H108NO8P 45 1069.721083 [M + Na]+ NeuAcalpha2- C55H102N2O16 1085.694929 [M + K]+ 3Galbeta-Cer(d38:1) 46 901.760548 [M + K]+ TG(52:0) C55H106O6 47 875.710367 [M + Na]+ TG(52:5) C55H96O6 891.684853 [M + K]+ 48 1000.76516 [M + H]+ Galbeta1- C56H105NO13 1022.747109 [M + Na]+ 4Glcbeta-Cer(d44:2) 49 1002.781249 [M + H]+ Galbeta1- C56H107NO13 1024.763192 [M + Na]+ 4Glcbeta-Cer(d44:1) 50 1026.779859 [M + Na]+ LacCer(d44:0) C56H109NO13 51 1099.774557 [M + H]+ GlcNα1-6Ins- C56H111N2O16P 1-P-Cer(t44:0) 52 1075.767317 [M + H]+ NeuAcalpha2- C57H106N2O16 3Galbeta-Cer(d40:1) 53 901.722261 [M + Na]+ TG(54:6) C57H98O6 54 1050.77085 [M + Na]+ PS-NAc(52:1) C58H110NO11P 55 943.714624 [M + K]+ TG(56:7) C59H100O6 56 929.755446 [M + Na]+ TG(56:6) C59H102O6 945.733126 [M + K]+ 57 931.773508 [M + Na]+ TG(56:5) C59H104O6 947.746977 [M + K]+ 58 933.78912 [M + Na]+ TG(56:4) C59H106O6 949.764101 [M + K]+ 59 935.805674 [M + Na]+ TG(56:3) C59H108O6 951.778881 [M + K]+ 60 953.793082 [M + K]+ TG(56:2) C59H110O6 61 942.85186 [M + Na]+ TG(56:0) C59H114O6 62 999.741312 [M + Na]+ TG(62:13) C65H100O6 63 1001.749518 [M + Na]+ TG(62:12) C65H102O6 64 1023.738105 [M + Na]+ TG(64:15) C67H100O6 65 1025.750662 [M + Na]+ TG(64:14) C67H102O6 66 1027.766642 [M + Na]+ TG(64:13) C67H104O6 67 1021.7207 [M + Na]+ TG(64:16) C67H98O6 68 1049.75059 [M + Na]+ TG(66:16) C69H102O6 1065.726359 [M + K]+ 69 1051.767325 [M + Na]+ TG(66:15) C69H104O6 70 1053.784349 [M + Na]+ TG(66:14) C69H106O6 71 1055.803964 [M + Na]+ TG(66:13) C69H108O6 72 1045.721354 [M + Na]+ TG(66:18) C69H98O6 1061.69462 [M + K]+ Note: ^(a))Structurally specific CID ions of extracted lipids were detected by LC-MS/MS using CID. Bold fragment ions were detected in the positive ion mode, and un-bolded fragment ions were detected in the negative ion mode. The “*” indicated “p < 0.05” and “**” indicated “p < 0.01”.

TABLE 5 Summary table of lipids detected only in the cancerous regions of the prostate tissue. Assignment Structurally Ion Molecular specific CID ions No. m/z form formula (m/z)^(a)) 1 476.253415 [M + K]+ C21H44NO6P 2 476.274855 [M + Na]+ PE(16:0) C21H44NO7P 153, 196, 214, 255, 378, 409, 452 3 506.264199 [M + K]+ PC(14:0) C22H46NO7P 4 499.222132 [M + K]+ PA(20:3) C23H41O7P 5 514.230689 [M + K]+ PE(18:3) C23H42NO7P 6 502.241492 [M + H]+ PC(16:4) C24H40NO8P 524.251683 [M + Na]+ 7 556.207227 [M + K]+ PS(18:4) C24H40NO9P 8 527.253295 [M + Na]+ PG(18:4) C24H41O9P 9 525.237458 [M + K]+ PA(22:4) C25H43O7P 10 508.340075 [M + H]+ PE(20:1) C25H50NO7P 546.296909 [M + K]+ 11 574.290842 [M + K]+ PC(18:1) C26H50NO8P 104, 184, 504, 522 12 580.279503 [M + K]+ PC(20:5) C28H48NO7P 13 583.299389 [M + Na]+ PG(22:4) C28H49O9P 14 589.344418 [M + Na]+ PG(22:1) C28H55O9P 15 606.296313 [M + K]+ PC(22:6) C30H50NO7P 16 662.511917 [M + H]+ PC(P-28:0) C36H72NO7P 17 794.436892 [M + K]+ PS(34:4) C40H70NO10P 18 841.426387 [M + K]+ PI(32:4) C41H71O13P 19 816.433041 [M + K]+ PS(36:7) C42H68NO10P 20 820.452542 [M + K]+ PS(36:5) C42H72NO10P 21 672.626969 [M + Na]+ Cer(d42:1) C42H83NO3 22 869.457687 [M + K]+ PI(34:4) C43H75O13P 23 840.421242 [M + K]+ PS(38:9) C44H68NO10P 24 895.473337 [M + K]+ PI(36:5) C45H77O13P 25 897.491508 [M + K]+ PI(36:4) C45H79O13P 26 787.561212 [M + Na]+ PA(P-42:4) C45H81O7P 27 898.499492 [M + K]+ PS(42:8) C48H78NO10P 28 880.676821 [M + Na]+ PE(44:1) C49H96NO8P 29 879.673671 [M + K]+ SM(d44:2) C49H97N2O6P 30 882.692866 [M + Na]+ PE(44:0) C49H98NO8P 31 881.690603 [M + K]+ SM(d44:1) C49H99N2O6P 32 893.52674 [M + Na]+ PG(44:10) C50H79O10P 33 1010.69032 [M + K]+ Galbeta1-4Glcbeta- C54H101NO13 Cer(d42:2) 34 1118.698912 [M + K]+ Galalpha1-4Galbeta1- C56H105NO18 4Glcbeta-Cer(d38:1) Note: ^(a))Structurally specific CID ions of extracted lipids were detected by LC-MS/MS using CID. Bold fragment ions were detected in the positive ion mode, and un-bolded fragment ions were detected in the negative ion mode. The “*” indicated “p < 0.05” and “**” indicated “p < 0.01”.

The remaining 261 lipid entities were detected in both cell regions. Based on t-tests, ca. 43.7% (114) of these 261 lipid entities showed differential distributions between the cancerous and the non-cancerous cell regions (p<0.05), and 66 lipids showed significantly different distribution patterns (p<0.01). The identities of these lipids are listed in Table 6. Taking PC(34:1) (m/z 798.540) and TG(52:3) (m/z 895.716), as examples, up-regulation of PC(34:1) and down-regulation of TG(52:3) was found in the cancerous region, as indicated in the two insets of FIG. 22. The ion density maps for PC(34:1) and TG(52:3) are shown in FIGS. 23A and 23B. From these two ion maps, the cancerous and non-cancerous cell regions of the prostate tissue section can be distinguished much more easily than from to the optical H&E staining image.

TABLE 6 Summary of lipids differentially expressed between the non-cancerous and cancerous regions of the imaged prostate tissue Non- Assignment cancerous Cancerous Structurally Molecular areas areas specific CID ions No. m/z Ion form Compound formula aveg stdev aveg stdev Exp. p-value (m/z)^(a)) 1 497.2067 [M + K]+ PA(20:4) C23H39O7P 1.69 0.07 0.03 ↑ 0.0373605* 153, 171, 259, 303, 457 2 483.2482 [M + Na]+ PA(20:3) C23H41O7P 0.04 0.00 0.12 0.00 ↑↑ 0.0000025** 3 478.3293 [M + H]+ PC(O-16:2) C24H48NO6P 3.41 0.15 5.30 0.84 ↑ 0.0180573* 4 535.2992 [M + Na]+ PG(18:0) C24H49O9P 1.02 0.02 3.53 0.09 ↑↑ 0.0000013** 5 502.3293 [M + Na]+ PC(O-16:1) C24H50NO6P 0.91 0.02 1.70 0.21 ↑ 0.0292535* 6 496.3398 [M + H]+ PC(16:0) C24H50NO7P 6.41 0.27 8.43 0.38 ↑ 0.0169219* 534.2957 [M + K]+ 3.82 0.10 13.32 0.50 ↑↑ 0.0000053** 104, 184, 478, 496 7 504.3449 [M + Na]+ PC(O-16:0) C24H52NO6P 1.69 0.14 3.23 0.15 ↑ 0.0214074* 8 518.3218 [M + H]+ PC(18:3) C26H48NO7P 2.28 0.06 5.27 0.31 ↑↑ 0.0000787** 9 522.3556 [M + H]+ PC(18:1) C26H52NO7P 1.82 0.14 2.41 0.08 ↑ 0.0304636* 104, 184, 504, 522 10 576.3069 [M + K]+ PS(P-20:0) C26H52NO8P 1.20 0.09 1.94 0.19 ↑ 0.0367984* 11 562.3273 [M + K]+ PC(18:0) C26H54NO7P 1.41 0.01 3.55 0.13 ↑↑ 0.0000079** 104, 184, 506, 524 12 552.307 [M + Na]+ PE(22:4) C27H48NO7P 1.23 0.09 2.17 0.48 ↑ 0.0284172* 13 618.3844 [M + K]+ PC(22:0) C30H62NO7P 0.79 0.08 0.98 0.05 ↑ 0.0213214* 14 558.4649 [M + Na]+ Cer(d34:2) C34H65NO3 0.70 0.01 1.01 0.03 ↑↑ 0.0000459** 15 576.4986 [M + Na]+ Cer(d34:1(2OH)) C34H67NO4 5.04 0.10 10.07 0.26 ↑↑ 0.0000059** 16 551.5036 [M + H]+ DG(P-32:1) C35H66O4 3.24 0.19 4.34 0.11 ↑↑ 0.0009822** 17 578.5227 [M + H]+ Cer(d36:3(2OH)) C36H67NO4 2.07 0.03 4.17 0.06 ↑↑ 0.0000006** 18 602.493 [M + K]+ Cer(d36:2) C36H69NO3 0.81 0.08 1.08 0.11 ↑ 0.0244472* 19 604.5085 [M + K]+ Cer(d36:1) C36H71NO3 1.03 0.11 1.47 0.05 ↑ 0.0370339* 20 777.4244 [M + K]+ PI(P-28:0) C37H71O12P 0.20 0.02 0.68 0.03 ↑↑ 0.0000280** 21 736.4422 [M + K]+ PC(30:4) C38H68NO8P 0.43 0.04 1.03 0.03 ↑↑ 0.0000281** 22 738.4558 [M + K]+ PC(30:3) C38H70NO8P 2.20 0.26 4.55 0.16 ↑↑ 0.0001972** 23 704.5226 [M + H]+ PC(30:1) C38H74NO8P 7.31 0.27 2.56 0.07 ↓↓ 0.0000076** 24 706.5384 [M + H]+ PC(30:0) C38H76NO8P 1.92 0.40 1.07 0.06 ↓ 0.0217115* 744.4943 [M + K]+ 2.15 0.10 3.13 0.39 ↑ 0.0141731* 25 701.4535 [M + Na]+ PA(P-36:5) C39H67O7P 0.14 0.01 0.25 0.02 ↑ 0.0177334* 26 735.4367 [M + K]+ PA(36:4) C39H69O8P 0.82 0.07 2.48 0.17 ↑↑ 0.0000890** 27 603.5352 [M + H]+ 1-(14-methyl- C39H70O4 2.37 0.25 3.51 0.26 ↑ 0.0536454* pentadecanoyl)- 2-(8-[3]- ladderane- octanyl)-sn- glycerol 28 721.478 [M + Na]+ PA(36:3) C39H71O8P 1.38 0.06 2.37 0.31 ↑ 0.0559352* 737.4523 [M + K]+ 5.40 0.54 10.25 0.57 ↑↑ 0.0004408** 279, 281, 415, 417, 433, 435 29 723.4944 [M + Na]+ PA(36:2) C39H73O8P 5.40 0.44 10.54 0.75 ↑↑ 0.0005108** 78, 153, 279, 283, 739.4679 [M + K]+ 7.62 0.67 37.64 0.58 ↑↑ 0.0000005** 415, 419, 433, 437, 699 30 741.4881 [M + K]+ PA(36:1) C39H75O8P 1.17 0.06 1.93 0.07 ↑↑ 0.0001399** 79, 153, 281, 283, 417, 419, 435, 437, 701 31 740.4992 [M + K]+ PE(P-34:1) C39H76NO7P 5.00 0.44 9.94 0.52 ↑↑ 0.0002266** 32 740.5184 [M + Na]+ PE(34:1) C39H76NO8P 0.84 0.03 1.00 0.04 ↑ 0.0614841* 33 739.5143 [M + K]+ SM(d34:2) C39H77N2O6P 1.55 0.02 1.43 0.06 ↓ 0.0236850* 34 703.5751 [M + H]+ SM(d34:1) C39H79N2O6P 11.99 0.55 6.18 0.31 ↓↓ 0.0000888** 163, 184, 682 35 724.4973 [M + H]+ PC(32:5) C40H70NO8P 1.93 0.25 5.88 0.34 ↑↑ 0.0000852** 36 764.4722 [M + K]+ PC(32:4) C40H72NO8P 1.67 0.28 3.02 0.58 ↑ 0.0222108* 37 766.4882 [M + K]+ PC(32:3) C40H74NO8P 1.94 0.31 3.20 0.26 ↑ 0.0556853* 38 801.5377 [M + Na]+ PS(34:1) C40H76NO10P 0.92 0.01 2.38 0.04 ↑↑ 0.0000004** 39 768.5018 [M + K]+ PC(32:2) C40H76NO8P 0.52 0.13 1.22 0.02 ↑ 0.0025441** 40 738.5282 [M + K]+ GlcCer(d18:1/16:0) C40H77NO8 0.57 0.11 1.80 0.25 ↑↑ 0.0150283* 41 771.5145 [M + Na]+ PG(36:1) C40H77O10P 1.77 0.09 2.81 0.38 ↑ 0.0941550* 42 732.554 [M + H]+ PC(32:1) C40H78NO8P 4.21 0.58 2.14 0.24 ↓↓ 0.0047170** 754.5361 [M + Na]+ 2.01 0.40 2.88 0.32 ↑ 0.0422628* 43 773.5328 [M + Na]+ PG(34:0) C40H79O10P 1.65 0.17 3.06 0.57 ↑ 0.0143597* 44 735.5733 [M + H]+ PG(P-34:0) C40H79O9P 5.57 0.54 3.70 0.33 ↓ 0.0685495* 45 756.5231 [M + K]+ PC(P-32:0) C40H80NO7P 0.79 0.07 1.03 0.07 ↑ 0.0132178* 46 734.5701 [M + H]+ PC(14:0/18:0) C40H80NO8P 11.72 0.46 8.39 1.27 ↓ 0.0129218* 47 756.5518 [M + Na]+ PC(32:0) C40H80NO8P 9.73 0.77 11.86 0.44 ↑ 0.0140246* 104, 147, 163, 184, 478, 735 48 739.4411 [M + Na]+ PA(38:8) C41H65O8P 0.77 0.01 3.55 0.05 ↑↑ 0.0000001** 49 727.4669 [M + Na]+ PA(P-38:6) C41H69O7P 1.04 0.12 1.29 0.07 ↑ 0.0369815* 50 763.4684 [M + K]+ PA(38:4) C41H73O8P 2.61 0.37 5.33 0.46 ↑↑ 0.0013753** 153, 259, 283, 303, 419, 437, 439, 457, 723 51 765.4844 [M + K]+ PA(38:3) C41H75O8P 4.06 0.61 6.09 0.33 ↑ 0.0701323* 52 782.5209 [M + K]+ PE(36:2) C41H78NO8P 1.13 0.06 1.78 0.15 ↑ 0.0208801* 53 746.5702 [M + H]+ PE(36:1) C41H80NO8P 0.66 0.01 0.91 0.04 ↑↑ 0.0005446** 768.5519 [M + Na]+ 0.87 0.05 1.39 0.04 ↑ 0.0144679* 784.5246 [M + K]+ 1.07 0.12 4.37 0.35 ↑↑ 0.0001004** 54 733.5574 [M + H]+ PA(38:0) C41H81O8P 1.68 0.26 0.92 0.07 ↓↓ 0.0078440** 55 772.4953 [M + Na]+ PC(34:6) C42H72NO8P 0.97 0.09 1.46 0.03 ↑↑ 0.0008789** 56 790.4876 [M + K]+ PC(34:5) C42H74NO8P 2.34 0.25 1.71 0.01 ↓ 0.0114721* 57 795.515 [M + Na]+ PG(36:3) C42H77O10P 1.01 0.04 1.89 0.17 ↑ 0.0103858* 58 778.5361 [M + Na]+ PC(34:3) C42H78NO8P 0.89 0.03 0.83 0.03 ↓ 0.0488693* 794.5097 [M + K]+ 1.47 0.22 2.90 0.53 ↑ 0.0125980* 59 797.5286 [M + Na]+ PG(36:2) C42H79O10P 7.66 0.63 15.11 0.26 ↑↑ 0.0000450** 60 796.5251 [M + K]+ PC(34:2) C42H80NO8P 15.63 2.77 35.39 4.98 ↑↑ 0.0038725** 184, 758 61 799.5448 [M + Na]+ PG(36:1) C42H81O10P 13.33 0.12 31.70 0.38 ↑↑ 0.0000001** 62 750.5763 [M + Na]+ CerP(d42:2) C42H82NO6P 1.10 0.05 1.66 0.29 ↑ 0.0312908* 63 782.5681 [M + Na]+ PC(34:1) C42H82NO8P 21.47 3.14 29.37 0.40 ↑ 0.0124254* 86, 184, 577, 701, 761 798.5406 [M + K]+ 28.03 2.03 69.00 0.01 ↑↑ 0.0000040** 86, 184, 577, 701, 761 64 797.5601 [M + K]+ PE- C42H83N2O7P 0.65 0.12 1.35 0.01 ↑↑ 0.0004876** Cer(d40:2(2OH)) 65 800.5516 [M + K]+ PC(34:0) C42H84NO8P 3.32 0.03 8.57 0.13 ↑↑ 0.0000003** 163, 184, 762 66 783.6025 [M + Na]+ PE- C42H85N2O7P 0.84 0.01 0.96 0.06 ↑ 0.0396891* 799.5763 [M + K]+ Cer(d40:1(2OH)) 1.00 0.08 2.47 0.08 ↑↑ 0.0000257** 67 775.5263 [M + Na]+ PA(40:4) C43H77O8P 1.01 0.06 1.17 0.00 ↑ 0.0111192* 68 806.5098 [M + K]+ PE(38:4) C43H78NO8P 1.12 0.02 3.93 0.15 ↑↑ 0.0000052** 341, 627, 768 or 259, 283, 303, 462, 480, 482, 500, 767 69 793.5706 [M + K]+ SM(d38:3) C43H83N2O6P 1.22 0.13 1.50 0.01 ↑ 0.0193614* 70 796.5565 [M + K]+ PE(P-38:1) C43H84NO7P 1.16 0.05 3.10 0.07 ↑↑ 0.0000025** 71 774.6006 [M + H]+ PE(38:1) C43H84NO8P 1.75 0.16 2.43 0.05 ↑ 0.0217709* 812.5625 [M + K]+ 0.64 0.05 1.76 0.06 ↑↑ 0.0000149** 72 825.5929 [M + H]+ PI(O-34:0) C43H85O12P 0.40 0.08 1.49 0.03 ↑↑ 0.0002871** 73 783.5721 [M + K]+ PA(P-40:0) C43H85O7P 10.66 1.14 13.54 0.40 ↑ 0.0147330* 74 782.5981 [M + Na]+ PE(P-38:0) C43H86NO7P 1.69 0.17 2.52 0.41 ↑ 0.0293319* 798.572 [M + K]+ 2.14 0.15 5.16 0.14 ↑↑ 0.0000131** 75 798.5916 [M + Na]+ PE(38:0) C43H86NO8P 1.45 0.00 2.93 0.04 ↑↑ 0.0000005** 76 781.619 [M + Na]+ SM(d38:1) C43H87N2O6P 0.84 0.05 1.94 0.22 ↑↑ 0.0011030** 797.5914 [M + K]+ 2.10 0.13 4.55 0.22 ↑↑ 0.0000778** 614, 738 77 796.4936 [M + Na]+ PC(36:8) C44H72NO8P 1.09 0.21 2.41 0.43 ↑↑ 0.0084568** 78 798.5095 [M + Na]+ PC(36:7) C44H74NO8P 2.43 0.08 5.71 0.35 ↑↑ 0.0000907** 784.5854 [M + H]+ 7.61 0.73 5.86 0.37 ↓ 0.0212876* 79 806.5682 [M + Na]+ PC(36:3) C44H82NO8P 5.74 0.18 9.05 0.66 ↑↑ 0.0011418** 822.541 [M + K]+ 10.52 2.72 19.17 1.14 ↑↑ 0.0070860** 184, 785 80 825.5602 [M + Na]+ PG(38:2) C44H83O10P 6.74 1.93 12.86 0.53 ↑↑ 0.0060825** 81 824.5571 [M + K]+ PC(36:2) C44H84NO8P 10.16 0.33 28.35 0.35 ↑↑ 0.0000003** 184, 787 82 827.5769 [M + Na]+ PG(38:1) C44H85O10P 3.32 0.10 5.21 0.30 ↑↑ 0.0004988** 83 826.5727 [M + K]+ PC(36:1) C44H86NO8P 6.79 0.51 9.83 0.24 ↑↑ 0.0007221** 184, 789 84 812.6148 [M + Na]+ PC(36:0) C44H88NO8P 3.98 0.54 2.50 0.06 ↓ 0.0937006* 828.5784 [M + K]+ 1.01 0.05 1.59 0.01 ↑↑ 0.0000509** 85 799.5136 [M + K]+ PA(P-42:6) C45H77O7P 1.17 0.08 2.73 0.08 ↑↑ 0.0000217** 86 947.5022 [M + Na]+ CL(1\′- C45H82O15P2 1.17 0.08 1.39 0.02 ↑ 0.0961547* 963.4727 [M + K]+ [18:2(9Z,12Z)/0:0], 0.47 0.04 0.87 0.07 ↑ 0.0119495* 3\′- [18:2(9Z,12Z)/0:0]) 87 822.5743 [M + K]+ PE(P-40:2) C45H86NO7P 0.88 0.01 1.57 0.02 ↑↑ 0.0000010** 88 808.6165 [M + Na]+ PE(P-40:1) C45H88NO7P 0.70 0.02 0.93 0.07 ↑ 0.0572715* 89 826.6287 [M + Na]+ PE(40:0) C45H90NO8P 2.44 0.11 4.15 0.20 ↑↑ 0.0002050** 90 825.6236 [M + K]+ SM(d40:1) C45H91N2O6P 4.82 0.21 8.49 0.41 ↑↑ 0.0001673** 91 827.6325 [M + K]+ SM(d40:0) C45H93N2O6P 0.72 0.02 1.30 0.10 ↑ 0.0674861* 92 824.5246 [M + Na]+ PC(38:8) C46H76NO8P 0.96 0.05 2.52 0.04 ↑↑ 0.0000026** 93 844.5251 [M + K]+ PC(38:6) C46H80NO8P 2.39 0.02 2.61 0.06 ↑ 0.0312404* 94 846.5407 [M + K]+ PC(38:5) C46H82NO8P 7.28 0.06 6.57 0.13 ↓↓ 0.0009244** 184, 627, 750, 809 95 849.5598 [M + Na]+ PG(40:4) C46H83O10P 10.08 0.39 7.12 0.29 ↓↓ 0.0004640** 96 848.5564 [M + K]+ PC(38:4) C46H84NO8P 19.66 0.76 14.28 0.13 ↓↓ 0.0002719** 184, 627, 752, 811 97 852.5896 [M + K]+ PC(38:2) C46H88NO8P 0.98 0.07 1.53 0.01 ↑ 0.0151157* 98 823.514 [M + Na]+ PA(44:8) C47H77O8P 0.39 0.01 1.00 0.00 ↑↑ 0.0000004** 99 848.5921 [M + K]+ PE(O-42:4) C47H88NO7P 1.50 0.06 1.06 0.03 0.0481175* 100 789.6198 [M + K]+ TG(44:0) C47H90O6 2.10 0.45 1.36 0.03 ↓ 0.0480358* 101 833.5879 [M + Na]+ SM(d42:3) C47H91N2O6P 4.56 0.67 3.11 0.11 ↓ 0.0207636* 102 839.6373 [M + Na]+ PA(44:0) C47H93O8P 1.47 0.01 1.64 0.08 ↑ 0.0182998* 103 854.6599 [M + Na]+ PE(42:0) C47H94NO8P 2.86 0.18 4.41 0.18 ↑↑ 0.0004268** 104 837.6821 [M + Na]+ SM(d42:1) C47H95N2O6P 2.39 0.22 3.84 0.60 ↑ 0.0171714* 853.6558 [M + K]+ C47H95N2O6P 5.28 0.40 8.80 0.45 ↑↑ 0.0005381** 654, 778 105 855.66 [M + K]+ SM(d42:0) C47H97N2O6P 0.97 0.03 1.49 0.05 ↑ 0.0105460* 106 848.521 [M + Na]+ PC(40:10) C48H76NO8P 1.52 0.07 1.15 0.03 ↓ 0.0117340* 107 824.5921 [M + Na]+ 1-(8-[3]- C48H84NO6P 1.23 0.08 2.19 0.09 ↑↑ 0.0001696** ladderane- octanyl)-2-(8- [3]-ladderane- octanyl)-sn- glycerophosphocholine 108 874.5731 [M + K]+ PC(40:5) C48H86NO8P 1.38 0.09 1.15 0.05 ↓ 0.0181475* 86, 184, 778, 836 109 928.612 [M + K]+ LacCer(d36:1) C48H91NO13 0.88 0.03 1.85 0.21 ↑↑ 0.0013744** 110 810.6605 [M + H]+ 1-(2E,6E- C48H92NO6P 0.87 0.02 1.66 0.10 ↑↑ 0.0001507** phytadienyl)-2- (2E,6E- phytadienyl)-sn- glycero-3- phosphocholine 111 775.6042 [M + Na]+ DG(46:6) C49H84O5 0.83 0.07 1.18 0.06 ↑ 0.0324074* 112 961.5772 [M + Na]+ PI(42:6) C51H87O13P 1.15 0.25 2.85 0.35 ↑ 0.0224463* 113 895.7163 [M + K]+ TG(52:3) C55H100O6 8.71 0.45 0.82 0.07 ↓↓ 0.0000075** 114 897.7324 [M + K]+ TG(52:2) C55H102O6 8.84 0.35 0.74 0.04 ↓↓ 0.0000010** Note: ^(a))Structurally specific CID ions of extracted lipids were detected by LC-MS/MS using CID. BOLD fragment ions were detected in the positive ion mode, and un-bolded fragment ions were detected in the negative ion mode. The “*” indicated “p < 0.05” and “**” indicated “p < 0.01”.

FIGS. 24A-24C shows the class compositions of the 220 lipids that showed different distributions between the cancerous and the non-cancerous cell regions. These included the 72 lipids uniquely detected in the non-cancerous region, the 34 lipids uniquely detected in the cancerous region, and 114 lipids that were differentially distributed between the cancerous and non-cancerous regions with p<0.05 for the t-tests. As shown in FIG. 24A, the 72 uniquely detected lipids in the non-cancerous region consisted of 29 TGs (40.2%), 10 PCs (13.9%), 7 Gly-Cers (9.7%), 5 ceramide phosphoinositols (PI-Cers) (6.9%), 4 DGs (5.6%), 4 Cers (5.6%), 4 PI/PI trisphosphates (PI/PIP3s) (5.6%), 3 PEs (4.2%), 3 PGs (4.2%), 1 PA (1.4%), 1 phosphatidylserine (PS) (1.4%), and 1 ganglioside (1.4%). The 34 uniquely detected lipids in the cancerous region (FIG. 24B) included 6 PCs (17.6%), 6 PEs (17.6%), 6 PSs (17.6%), 4 PGs (11.8%), 4 PIs (11.8%), 3 PAs (8.8%), 2 SMs (5.9%), 2 Gly-Cers (5.9%), and 1 Cer (2.9%). Comparison of the lipids detected in these two regions indicated that there were 33 acylglycerides (4 DGs and 29 TGs) only detectable in the non-cancerous cell region while being completely undetectable in the cancerous cell region. Without being limited to a single theory of operation, it is currently believed that, unlike other malignant cancer cells that preferentially rely on increased glucose consumption through glycolysis to provide energy for rapid cell proliferation, prostate cancer is characterized by low glycolysis because of very weakly expressed GLUT1 mRNA and protein in human prostate carcinoma tissue. Instead, prostate cancer cells predominantly use fatty acid β-oxidation as the alternative metabolic pathway to provide the energy for cell proliferation and growth. This requires an abundant supply of free fatty acids that can result from hydrolysis of glycerides, which may induce the depletion of these DGs and TGs in the cancerous cell region and may explain the low levels detected.

Glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid are the major lipid components of cell membranes. As shown in FIGS. 24A-24C, among the 220 detected lipids that displayed differential distributions between the cancerous and the non-cancerous cell regions, ca. 82% were phospholipids and sphingolipids. The significant changes in the distribution patterns of these molecules between the cancerous and non-cancerous cell regions indicated changes in the lipid composition of the prostate cancer cell membranes. These results demonstrate that the total amounts of phospholipid and sphingolipid were increased in the membranes of cancerous cells compared to noncancerous cells.

Example 2B

FIG. 25 shows two mass spectra of the proteins detected by MALDI-TOF/MS from the cancerous region (lower) and the adjacent non-cancerous region (upper) of the prostate tissue. A larger number of peptide and protein signals within the mass range of 3500 to 13000 Da were observed in the cancerous cell region than in the non-cancerous cell region. A total of 242 peptide and protein signals were detected at a S/N of ≧3 in the prostate tissue and the m/z values of these signals are listed in Table 7 (and illustrated in FIG. 30). Due to the lack of sufficient sensitivity of MALDI-MS/MS for on-tissue protein identification, capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to provide the identities of the detected peptides and proteins. By proteome database searching using a Mascot server, 274 proteins were identified. The matched peptides and the identified proteins are also listed in Table 7. Among these identified proteins, 73 matched the MALDI-MS measured molecular weights of the 242 observed signals, though protein assignments based solely on molecular weight matching cannot be completely confident. Among these proteins, >95% proteins were found to be secreted proteins or membrane proteins which are located in the extracellular region of cell.

Among the 242 detected peptide and protein signals, 64 were uniquely detected in the cancerous region and the other 178 were detected in both regions. For these 178 species, t-tests indicated that 96 showed differential distributions with p<0.05 and 27 showed significantly different distribution patterns, with p<0.01. In some embodiments, of the 178 species detected in both tissue regions, 69 showed significantly different distribution patters at the p<0.05 level; 27 of these showed significantly different distribution patterns at p<0.01. 17 of these (including PSA, tumor protein D52, and a fragment of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 2) could be detected in both tissue regions in all three prostate tissue samples. As shown in Table 7, among the 27 peptides and proteins with significantly different distributions between the two regions of the tissue, 26 were found to be up-regulated and 1 was found to be down-regulated in the cancerous region, according to their reconstructed ion maps. In some embodiments, a total of 150 detected peptide and proteins showed different distribution patterns between the cancerous and non-cancerous regions of the prostate tissue section. Of these peptides and proteins, 17 species were observed in all three prostate tissue samples, as all three prostate tissues, as compared to only 5 proteins detected in previous MSI studies, indicating that more than 3 times potential biomarkers were found using the disclosed device and method. Based on the current study, FIG. 31 shows a comparison of normalized ion intensities of the 17 peptides and proteins differentially expressed in the cancerous and non-cancerous regions, i.e., m/z 4355.1 (MEKK2 fragment), m/z 4964.9, m/z 6633.1 (apolipoprotein C-I), m/z 6704.2, m/z 5002.2, m/z 8705.2 (apolipoprotein A-II), m/z 10179.1 (protein S100-A6), m/z 10442.6 (protein S100-A12), m/z 10762.4 (β-microseminoprotein), m/z 10851.7 (protein S100-A8), m/z 11069.2 (protein S100-A10), m/z 12389.1 (tumor protein D52), m/z 13156.2 (protein S100-A9), m/z 21560.2 (α-1-acid glycoprotein 1), m/z 22782.3 (heat shock protein β-1), m/z 28079.3 (apolipoprotein A-I), and m/z 33082.1 (PSA). All of the peptides and proteins were detected with higher intensities from the cancerous cell region than from non-cancerous cell region, except for the ion at m/z 6704.2.

Some of the peptides and proteins that were uniquely detected in the cancerous cell region or showed differential distributions between the two regions of the tissue regions have been determined to be potential biomarkers for prostate cancer using LC-MS/MS or MALDI-MSI. These biomarkers include MEKK2 (m/z 4355), apolipoproteins A-II (m/z 8705), β-microseminoprotein (m/z 10763), tumor protein D52 (m/z 12388), PSA (m/z 33000 to 34000), together with a few unknown species, for example, those at m/z 4964, 5002, and 6704. Among these potential biomarkers, only 4 proteins or protein fragments, including m/z 4355.1 (MEKK2 fragment), m/z 4964, 5002, and 6704, were detected by MALDI-MSI, which is far from meeting requirements of MSI for biomarker discovery. FIG. 26 shows the ion maps for six detected proteins, i.e., m/z 4355.1 (MEKK2 fragment), m/z 4964.9, m/z 6704.2, m/z 8776.8, m/z 12389.1 (tumor protein D52), and m/z 33175.3 (PSA). As can be observed from these images, these proteins showed significantly different distributions between the normal region and the cancerous region of the prostate tissue section. The peptide at m/z 4964.9 had a higher abundance in the cancerous region while the peptide at m/z 6704.2 had a higher abundance in the non-cancerous region. The ion of m/z 4355 (a MEKK2 fragment) has been shown to be a marker for discriminating prostate cancer from uninvolved tissue, due to its overexpression in cancer cells. Based on the ion map of m/z 4355 in FIG. 26, this MEKK2 fragment was mainly distributed in the cancerous region. In addition to these two ions, a small protein was detected at m/z 8776.8 as well as the identified tumor protein D52 and PSA, which were found to be more abundant in the cancerous cell region.

In some embodiments, five of the peptides and proteins that were uniquely detected in the cancerous cell region or which showed differential distributions between the two regions of the tissue regions have been previously reported as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer by LC-MS/MS or MALDI-MSI. These previously reported biomarkers included MEKK2 (m/z 4355), apolipoproteins A-II (m/z 8705), β-microseminoprotein (m/z 10762), tumor protein D52 (m/z 12389), PSA (m/z 33000 to 34000), together with a few unknown species, for example, those at m/z 4964, 5002, and 6704. Of the previously reported potential biomarkers, only 4 proteins or protein fragments, including m/z 4355.1 (MEKK2 fragment), m/z 4964, 5002, and 6704, had previously been detected by MALDI-MSI.

The ion maps of these 17 peptides and proteins detected on prostate tissue section are shown in FIG. 32. As can be observed from these images, these proteins showed visually different distributions between the non-cancerous region and the cancerous region of the prostate tissue section. The peptide at m/z 4964.9 had a higher abundance in the cancerous region while the peptide at m/z 6704.2 had a higher abundance in the non-cancerous region. This observation was consistent with a previous study, although the identities of these two species remain unknown. In a previous study, the ion at m/z 4355 (a MEKK2 fragment) was shown to be a marker for discriminating prostate cancer from uninvolved tissue, due to its overexpression in cancer cells. Based on the ion map of m/z 4355.1 in FIG. 32, this MEKK2 fragment was mainly distributed in the cancerous region in our study as well, which is also consistent with the previous MSI study.

All of the other differentially expressed proteins were determined to be more abundant in the cancerous cell region (FIG. 32). Among these 17 species, 5 identified proteins were assigned to the family of S100 proteins, and 3 of them (i.e., protein S100-A9, protein S100-A10, protein S100-A12), were uniquely detected in the cancerous region. Although several members of the S100 protein family have been proven to be useful as biomarkers for tumors and epidermal differentiation, such as schwannomas, neurofibromas, and melanomas, this is the first time that the correlation between S100 proteins and prostate cancer has been shown. S100 proteins have been implicated in a variety of intra-/extra-cellular functions, including protein phosphorylation, Ca²⁺ homeostasis, cell growth and differentiation, inflammatory response, and the like. Differential expression of protein S100-A6, S100-A8, S100-A9, S100-A10, and S100-A12 between the cancerous and non-cancerous regions of a prostate tissue section reflects the different cell states in these cell regions, showing the potential for the use of these proteins as biomarkers for prostate cancer. In lipid transport, many apolipoproteins have been reported to be important structural components of lipoprotein particles, cofactors for enzymes, and ligands for cell-surface receptors, especially the apolipoprotein subclasses of C and A. In this embodiment, 3 apolipoproteins—including apolipoprotein C-I, A-I and A-II—were also found with higher abundance in cancerous region than non-cancerous region of prostate tissue, suggesting a difference in lipid metabolisms between the cancerous and non-cancerous regions of the prostate tissue.

TABLE 7 Protein detection in human prostate tissue sections by MALDI-TOF/MS using sinapinic acid as the matrix. Mass wt (MW, Da) PMF Theor. Expt. coverage Subcellular Unique Non- t- No. Access. MW ^(a)) MW Score (%) Description location peptides ^(b)) canc. Canc Exp test 1 4312.0 √ 2 Q9Y2U5  4335.4 4355.1 42.3 72.22 Mitogen- Extracellular DVRVKFEHRGE √ √ ↑ ** activated region, cytoplasm,  K protein nucleus SSSPKKQNDVRV kinase/extra- KFEHRG cellular KAKSSSPKKQN signal- DVRVKFEHRGE regulated KRIL kinase kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2) (Fragment) (specific for prostate cancer) 3 4390.6 √ √ ↑ * 4 4441.0 √ 5 4738.4 √ 6 4786.2 √ 7 P62328  4921.5 + 4936.6 337.87 77.27 Thymosin Extracellular SDKPDMAEIEK + √ √ ↑ ** Ox beta-4 region, cytoplasm, Oxidation (M) (M) cytoskeleton SDKPDMAEIEKF DK KTETQEKNPLPS K NPLPSKETIEQEK TETQEKNPLPSK 8 4964.9 √ √ ↑ ** 9 5002.2 √ √ ↑ ** 10 5055.0 √ √ ↑ * 11 5105.3 √ 12 5176.3 √ 13 5237.7 √ √ ↑ 14 5394.1 √ 15 5400.8 √ 16 5624.6 √ √ ↑ 17 5666.4 √ 18 5683.8 √ 19 6318.4 √ √ ↑ * 20 6436.0 √ 21 P02654  6630.6 6633.1 41.23 13.25 Apolipoprotein Secreted LKEFGNTLEDK √ √ ↑ ** C-I EFGNTLEDK 22 6704.2 √ √ ↓ ** 23 6730.9 √ √ ↑ * 24 P48539  6791.4 6790.4 332.62 43.55 Purkinje cell Cytoplasm KVQEEFDIDMD √ √ ↑ protein 4 APETER + Oxidation (M) VQEEFDIDMDAP ETER + Oxidation (M) AAVAIQSQFR 25 7565.5 √ √ ↑ ** 26 7615.6 √ √ ↑ 27 7668.0 √ √ ↑ 28 7735.2 √ √ ↑ 29 7769.3 √ √ ↑ * 30 P56385  7802.1 7807.4 68.32 10.14 ATP synthase Cell membrane, YNYLKPR √ √ ↑ * subunit e, mitochondrion mitochondrial 31 7868.1 √ √ ↑ * 32 7873.3 √ √ ↑ 33 7934.7 √ √ ↑ 34 7963.6 √ √ ↑ 35 8567.6 √ √ ↑ 36 8602.1 √ 37 8606.5 √ 38 8776.8 √ 39 P02652  8707.9 8705.2 129.76 31 Apolipoprotein Secreted EPCVESLVSQYF √ √ ↑ ** A-II QTVTDYGK 40 B1ALW1  9451.9 9450.8 109.48 25.88 Thioredoxin Secreted, TAFQEALDAAG √ cytoplasm, DK extracellular region VGEFSGANK 41  9531.6 9534.7 52.6 10.68 Matrix Gla Secreted NANTFISPQQR √ protein 42 9957.0 √ 43 H0YFX9  9975.6 9974.7 86.09 28.26 Histone H2A Extracellular VTIAQGGVLPNI √ √ ↑ * (Fragment) region, cytoplasm, QAVLLPK nucleus HLQLAIR 44 9993.4 √ √ ↑ * 45 O75531 10058.6 + 10073.0 126.67 13.48 Barrier-to- Extracellular AYVVLGQFLVL √ Ox autointegration region, cytoplasm K (M) factor 10080.3 10080.5 LENEKDLEEAE √ √ ↑ * EYKEAR 46 E5RIW3 10080.3 + 10092.9 184.86 50 Tubulin- Cell membrane, DLEEAEEYKEAR Ox specific cytoplasm, RLEAAYLDLQR (M) chaperone A cytoskeleton MRAEDGENYDI KK + Oxidation (M) AEDGENYDIKK AEDGENYDIK 47 10112.9 √ √ ↑ * 48 P06703 10179.7 10179.1 196.71 56.67 Protein S100- Cytoplasm, ACPLDQAIGLLV √ √ ↑ ** A6 cell AIFHK membrane, LQDAEIAR peripheral DQEVNFQEYVT membrane protein FLGALALIYNEA LKG 49 10223.9 √ √ ↑ * 50 10254.3 √ √ ↑ * 51 P02775 10265.8 10266.0 42.22 18.75 Platelet basic Secreted, GTHCNQVEVIAT √ protein extracellular LK region/space KICLDPDAPR 52 10268.2 √ 53 10281.1 √ 54 10283.1 √ 55 10346.5 √ √ ↑ * 56 P63167 10366.5 10366.3 129.5 24.72 Dynein light Plasma membrane, NFGSYVTHETK √ chain 1 cytoplasm, YNPTWHCIVGR cytoskeleton 57 Protein 10443.9 10442.6 167.32 31.52 Protein S100- Secreted, TKLEEHLEGIVNI √ S100- A12 cytoplasm, FHQYSVR A12 cytoskeleton, cell LEEHLEGIVNIFH (P80511) membrane, QYSVR peripheral TKLEEHLEGIVNI membrane protein FHQYSVRK KGHFDTLSK GHFDTLSK 58 10649.0 √ √ ↑ * 59 10709.0 √ √ ↑ * 60 P08118 10763.2 10762.4 99.18 48.25 Beta- Secreted, HPINSEWQTDNC √ √ ↑ ** microseminopro- extracellular space ETCTCYETEISCC tein (specific TLVSTPVGYDK for prostate KTCSVSEWII cancer) 61 10782.5 √ √ ↑ * 62 10837.6 √ √ ↑ * 63 P05109 10834.5 + 10851.7 320.47 76.34 Protein S100- Secreted, ELDINTDGAVNF √ √ ↑ ** Ox A8 cytoplasm, QEFLILVIK (M) cytoskeleton, cell LLETECPQYIR membrane, ALNSIIDVYHK peripheral KLLETECPQYIR membrane protein GADVWFK MLTELEKALNSII DVYHKYSLIK + Oxidation (M) MLTELEK GNFHAVYR 64 10875.0 √ √ ↑ * 65 10922.6 √ √ ↑ * 66 10970.1 √ √ ↑ * 67 11023.6 √ √ ↑ * 68 P60903 11071.9 11069.2 45.29 17.53 Protein S100- Extrinsic to plasma EFPGFLENQKDP √ A10 membrane LAVDK 69 11268.0 √ √ ↑ ** 70 P0CG05 11293.6 11293.8 298.45 74.53 Ig lambda-2 Extracellular YAASSYLSLTPE √ √ ↑ * chain C region region, QWK plasma membrane AGVETTTPSK ATLVCLISDFYP GAVTVAWK SYSCQVTHEGST VEK AAPSVTLFPPSSE ELQANK 71 11348.4 √ √ ↑ ** 72 P62805 11367.3 11368.1 223.5 50.49 Histone H4 Extracellular ISGLIYEETR √ √ ↑ * region, nucleus, TVTAMDVVYAL chromosome K VFLENVIR DNIQGITKPAIR DAVTYTEHAK 73 11417.1 √ √ ↑ * 74 11468.7 √ √ ↑ * 75 11516.6 √ √ ↑ * 76 P01834 11608.9 11608.2 528.75 80.19 Ig kappa chain Extracellular VDNALQSGNSQ √ √ ↑ * C region region, ESVTEQDSK plasma membrane TVAAPSVFIFPPS DEQLK DSTYSLSSTLTLS K VYACEVTHQGL SSPVTK SGTASVVCLLNN FYPR 77 11643.5 √ √ ↑ * 78 11691.5 √ √ ↑ * 79 11695.0 √ 80 P61769 11731.2 11730.1 170.34 26.89 Beta-2- Secreted, SNFLNCYVSGFH √ microglobulin extracellular PSDIEVDLLK region/space, VEHSDLSFSK plasma membrane 81 12166.7 √ √ ↑ 82 12205.5 √ √ ↑ 83 12254.4 √ 84 12306.7 √ 85 12312.6 √ 86 P14174 12345.1 12345.3 99.33 17.39 Macrophage Secreted, cell LLCGLLAER √ √ ↑ ** 12350.5 migration surface PMFIVNTNVPR + inhibitory Oxidation (M) factor 87 E5RFR7 12388.9 12389.1 27.95 13.51 Tumor protein Cytoplasm, VEEEIQTLSQVL √ √ ↑ ** D52 (specific cytoplasmic AAK for prostate membrane and ovarian cancer) 88 12405.8 √ 89 Q99988 12514.5 12516.6 211.94 10.39 Growth/differe Secreted, TDTGVSLQTYD √ ntiation factor extracellular DLLAK 15 region/space ASLEDLGWADW VLSPR 90 G3V2V8 13078.2 13078.8 85.68 13.11 Epididymal Secreted, EVNVSPCPTQPC √ secretory extracellular region QLSK protein E1 91 13148.7 √ 92 13153.9 √ 93 P06702 13110.8 + 13156.2 631.39 81.58 Protein S100- Secreted, QLSFEEFIMLMA √ Ox A9 cytoplasm, R (M) cytoskeleton, cell VIEHIMEDLDTN membrane, ADK + peripheral Oxidation (M) membrane protein QLSFEEFIMLMA R + Oxidation (M) VIEHIMEDLDTN ADK NIETIINTFHQYS VK LGHPDTLNQGEF K MHEGDEGPGHH HKPGLGEGTP KDLQNFLK LTWASHEK MHEGDEGPGHH HKPGLGEGTP + Oxidation (M) DLQNFLK 94 13195.5 √ 95 13755.9 √ 96 P02766 13761.4 13761.6 641.82 68.71 Transthyretin Secreted, KAADDTWEPFA √ √ ↑ cytoplasm, SGK extracellular TSESGELHGLTT region/space EEEFVEGIYK GSPAINVAVHVF R YTIAALLSPYSY STTAVVTNPKE YTIAALLSPYSY STTAVVTNPK ALGISPFHEHAE VVFTANDSGPR TSESGELHGLTT EEEFVEGIYKVEI DTK 97 13775.3 √ √ ↑ * 98 13785.0 √ √ ↑ 99 13799.0 √ √ ↑ 100 13805.3 √ √ ↑ * 101 13811.2 √ √ ↑ * 102 13817.3 √ √ ↑ 103 13826.0 √ √ ↑ 104 13836.1 √ √ ↑ * 105 13849.2 √ √ ↑ * 106 Q99879 13858.1 13857.3 114.55 41.27 Histone H2B Extracellular AMGIMNSFVNDI √ √ ↑ * type 1-M region, nucleus, FER chromosome LLLPGELAK EIQTAVR QVHPDTGISSK 107 13865.0 √ √ ↑ * 108 13867.6 √ √ ↑ 109 13873.0 √ √ ↑ 110 13878.9 √ √ ↑ * 111 13892.3 √ √ ↑ 112 13902.9 √ √ ↑ * 113 H7BYH4 13909.4 13911.0 486.14 51.11 Superoxide Extracellular DGVADVSIEDSV √ √ ↑ ** dismutase [Cu- region, cytoplasm ISLSGDHCIIGR Zn]   HVGDLGNVTAD KDGVADVSIEDS VISLSGDHCIIGR HVGDLGNVTAD K 114 P14555 13921.9 13922.3 231.16 29.86 Phospholipase Membrane, GLTEGLHGFHV √ √ ↑ A2, membrane peripheral HEFGDNTAGCTS associated membrane protein, AGPHFNPLSR extracellular space EAALSYGFYGC HCGVGGR AAATCFAR CCVTHDCCYK YQYYSNK 115 13933.1 √ √ ↑ * 116 13947.3 √ √ ↑ 117 13952.8 √ √ ↑ 118 13960.3 √ √ ↑ * 119 13968.5 √ √ ↑ 120 13978.4 √ √ ↑ 121 13987.1 √ √ ↑ 122 14003.3 √ √ ↑ 123 14013.1 √ √ ↑ * 124 14018.7 √ √ ↑ 125 14036.0 √ √ ↑ * 126 14049.6 √ √ ↑ 127 14054.1 √ √ ↑ 128 14066.8 √ √ ↑ * 129 14078.8 √ √ ↑ 130 14084.9 √ √ ↑ 131 14090.0 √ √ ↑ 132 14097.1 √ √ ↑ 133 14107.8 √ √ ↑ * 134 14114.4 √ √ ↑ 135 14121.4 √ √ ↑ 136 14136.8 √ √ ↑ 137 P03950 14142.9 14140.5 44.71 17.01 Angiogenin Secreted, YTHFLTQHYDA √ √ ↑ * extracellular space, KPQGR nucleolus SSFQVTTCK 138 14150.1 √ √ ↑ 139 14158.5 √ √ ↑ 140 14162.7 √ √ ↑ 141 14173.8 √ √ ↑ 142 14192.9 √ √ ↑ * 143 14197.9 √ √ ↑ * 144 14209.3 √ √ ↑ 145 14228.4 √ √ ↑ 146 14240.5 √ √ ↑ 147 14251.4 √ √ ↑ 148 14290.6 √ √ ↑ 149 P09382 14584.5 14585.7 257.5 39.26 Galectin-1 Secreted, FNAHGDANTIVC √ extracellular space, NSK cell surface ACGLVASNLNL KPGECLR TPGAVNACHLS 150 P61626 14700.7 14701.7 109.12 33.78 Lysozyme C Secreted, CSALLQDNIADA √ extracellular space VACAK WESGYNTR LGMDGYR YWCNDGK TFVNITPAEVGV LVGK DSLLQDGEFSM DLR DSLLQDGEFSM 151 P07737 15054.2 15053.5 380.5 50 Profilin-1 Plasma membrane DLR + √ √ ↑ Oxidation (M) DSPSVWAAVPG K TLVLLMGK CYEMASHLR + Oxidation (M) EGVHGGLINK 152  15082.1 √ √ ↑ * 153 P69905 15126.4 15126.4 2727.2 96.48 Hemoglobin Extracellular region KVADALTNAVA √ √ ↑ * subunit alpha HVDDMPNALSA LSDLHAHK VADALTNAVAH VDDMPNALSAL SDLHAHK VADALTNAVAH VDDMPNALSAL SDLHAHK + Oxidation (M) KVADALTNAVA HVDDMPNALSA LSDLHAHK + Oxidation (M) TYFPHFDLSHGS AQVK LLSHCLLVTLAA HLPAEFTPAVHA SLDKFLASVSTV LTSK VGAHAGEYGAE ALER FLASVSTVLTSK LLSHCLLVTLAA HLPAEFTPAVHA SLDK MFLFPTTKTYF PHFDLSHGSAQV K MFLSFPTTK LLSHCLLVTLAA HLPAEFTPAVHA SLDKFLASVSTV LTSKYR VDPVNFKLLSHC LLVTLAAHLPAE FTPAVHASLDK LRVDPVNFKLLS HCLLVTLAAHLP AEFTPAVHASLD K VGAHAGEYGAE ALERMFLSFPTT K MFLSFPTTK + Oxidation (M) VGAHAGEYGAE ALERMFLSFPTT KTYFPHFDLSHG SAQVK TNVKAAWGK LRVDPVNFK 154 15180.3 √ √ ↑ 155 15238.0 √ √ ↑ 156 15295.3 √ √ ↑ 157 15339.3 √ √ ↑ * 158 15391.8 √ √ ↑ * 159 15439.6 √ √ ↑ 160 15494.6 √ √ ↑ 161 15510.4 √ √ ↑ 162  15561.1 √ √ ↑ 163 15813.7 √ √ ↑ * 164 P68871 15867.2 15866.4 2764.3 95.24 Hemoglobin Extracellular region SAVTALWGKVN √ √ ↑ * subunit beta VDEVGGEALGR FFESFGDLSTPD AVMGNPK VLGAFSDGLAH LDNLK LLGNVLVCVLA HHFGK GTFATLSELHCD K GTFATLSELHCD KLHVDPENFR VVAGVANALAH KYH LLGNVLVCVLA HHFGKEFTPPVQ AAYQK VHLTPEEKSAVT ALWGKVNVDEV GGEALGR VNVDEVGGEAL GR KVLGAFSDGLA HLDNLK SAVTALWGK LLVVYPWTQR VVAGVANALAH K EFTPPVQAAYQK EFTPPVQAAYQK VVAGVANALAH K FFESFGDLSTPD AVMGNPK + Oxidation (M) VLGAFSDGLAH LDNLKGTFATLS ELHCDK SAVTALWGKVN VDEVGGEALGR LLVVYPWTQR VHLTPEEK LHVDPENFRLLG NVLVCVLAHHF GKEFTPPVQAAY QK LHVDPENFR EFTPPVQAAYQK VVAGVANALAH KYH 165 15881.4 √ √ ↑ * 166 15892.6 √ √ ↑ 167 15903.8 √ √ ↑ 168 15913.9 √ √ 169 P02042 15924.3 15924.6 1435.2 86.39 Hemoglobin Extracellular region VLGAFSDGLAH √ √ ↑ subunit delta LDNLK VNVDAVGGEAL GR LLGNVLVCVLA R GTFSQLSELHCD K FFESFGDLSSPD AVMGNPK + Oxidation (M) EFTPQMQAAYQ K VVAGVANALAH KYH EFTPQMQAAYQ K + Oxidation (M) KVLGAFSDGLA HLDNLK LLVVYPWTQR VVAGVANALAH K GTFSQLSELHCD KLHVDPENFR VHLTPEEK LHVDPENFR 170 15962.0 √ √ ↑ 171 16000.3 √ √ ↑ 172 16043.8 √ √ ↑ 173 16096.4 √ √ ↑ 174 16143.6 √ √ ↑ 175 16192.8 √ √ ↑ 176 16245.4 √ 177 16515.5 √ 178 P62158 16706.4 16705.7 853.5 73.8 Calmodulin Extracellular VFDKDGNGYISA √ √ ↑ * region, cytoplasm, AELR cytoskeleton EADIDGDGQVN YEEFVQMMTAK MKDTDSEEEIR DGNGYISAAELR EAFSLFDKDGDG TITTK MKDTDSEEEIRE AFR HVMTNLGEKLT DEEVDEMIR EAFSLFDK DTDSEEEIREAF R DTDSEEEIR EILVGDVGQTVD DPYATFVK NIILEEGKEILVG DVGQTVDDPYA TFVK 179 E9PP50 17864.7 17863.4 577.97 58.13 Cofilin-1 Plasma membrane ASGVAVSDGVIK √ (Fragment) HELQANCYEEV KDR YALYDATYETK KEDLVFIFWAPE SAPLK AVLFCLSEDKK VLGDVIEVHGK 180 E9PR44 20030.7 20030.4 66.34 24.14 Alpha- Cell surface, MDIAIHHPWIR + √ crystallin B plasma Oxidation (M) chain membrane QDEHGFISR (Fragment) EEKPAVTAAPK TVYFAEEVQCE GNSFHK GYGYGQGAGTL STDKGESLGIK NLDSTTVAVHG EEIYCK GYGYGQGAGTL STDK 181 P21291 20567.4 20567.6 951.66 64.77 Cysteine and Cell surface, GLESTTLADKDG √ √ ↑ ** glycine-rich plasma membrane EIYCK protein 1 GFGFGQGAGAL VHSE CSQAVYAAEK KNLDSTTVAVH GEEIYCK GLESTTLADK HEEAPGHRPTTN PNASK SCFLCMVCK GNDISSGTVLSD YVGSGPPK WSGPLSLQEVDE QPQHPLHVTYA GAAVDELGK 182 P30086 20925.6 20925.4 617.71 73.26 Phosphatidy- Cell surface, LYTLVLTDPDAP √ √ ↑ * lethanolamine- plasma membrane SR binding protein NRPTSISWDGLD 1 SGK APVAGTCYQAE WDDYVPK CDEPILSNR YVWLVYEQDRP LK LYEQLSGK MGAPESGLAEY LFDK MGAPESGLAEY LFDK + Oxidation (M) LATDKNDPHLC 183 P02794 21094.5 21094.6 296.14 54.1 Ferritin heavy Extracellular DFIETHYLNEQV √ chain region, cytosol K QNYHQDSEAAI NR YFLHQSHEER ELGDHVTNLR IFLQDIK TTASTSQVR EQLGEFYEALDC LR NWGLSVYADKP ETTK 184 P02763 21560.1 21560.2 558.18 40.8 Alpha-1 -acid Secreted, YVGGQEHFAHL √ √ ↑ ** glycoprotein 1 extracellular space LILR TYMLAFDVNDE KNWGLSVYADK PETTK TYMLAFDVNDE K SDVVYTDWK 185 22510.6 √ √ ↑ 186 P80723 22562.2 22563.0 927.6 78.9 Brain acid Cell membrane, APEQEQAAPGPA √ √ ↑ ** soluble lipid-anchor AGGEAPK protein 1 AEGAATEEEGTP K EKPDQDAEGKA EEK SDGAPASDSKPG SSEAAPSSK ESEPQAAAEPAE AK AQGPAASAEEPK PVEAPAANSDQT VTVK AEPPKAPEQEQA APGPAAGGEAP K AQGPAASAEEPK PVEAPAANSDQT VTVKE ETPAATEAPSST PK KTEAPAAPAAQ ETK AAEAAAAPAES AAPAAGEEPSKE EGEPK GYNVNDEK EQLGEFYEALDC LCIPR 187 P19652 21651.2 21651.9 324.68 35.32 Alpha-1-acid Secreted, TLMFGSYLDDE √ √ ↑ ** glycoprotein 2 extracellular space KNWGLSFYADK PETTK EHVAHLLFLR 188 P32119 21760.7 21761.3 107.47 18.69 Peroxiredoxin- Cell surface, EGGLGPLNIPLL √ √ ↑ * 2 cytoplasm ADVTR QITVNDLPVGR LSEDYGVLK TLMALGSLAVT K TDMFQTVDLFE GK AAEDYGVIK KYDEELEER EFTESQLQEGK LGFQVWLK QMEQVAQFLK LVEWIIVQCGPD VGRPDR LVNSLYPDGSKP VK 189 Q01995 22479.7 22479.2 1003.6 81.09 Transgelin Cell surface, HVIGLQMGSNR + √ √ ↑ * cytoplasm Oxidation (M) HVIGLQMGSNR VPENPPSMVFK QMEQVAQFLK + Oxidation (M) YDEELEER GASQAGMTGYG RPR + Oxidation (M) GDPNWFMK GPSYGMSR GASQAGMTGYG RPR VPENPPSMVFK + Oxidation (M) APEQEQAAPGPA AGGEAPK AEGAATEEEGTP K EKPDQDAEGKA EEK SDGAPASDSKPG SSEAAPSSK ESEPQAAAEPAE AK AQGPAASAEEPK PVEAPAANSDQT VTVK 190 P80723 22562.2 22563.1 927.57 78.85 Brain acid Cell membrane, AEPPKAPEQEQA √ √ ↑ soluble lipid-anchor APGPAAGGEAP protein 1 K AQGPAASAEEPK PVEAPAANSDQT VTVKE ETPAATEAPSST PK KTEAPAAPAAQ ETK AAEAAAAPAES AAPAAGEEPSKE EGEPK GYNVNDEK VPLQQNFQDNQ FQGK Neutrophil Secreted, WYVVGLAGNAI 191 P80188 22588.1 22587.9 234.5 33.33 gelatinase- extracellular LR √ √ ↑ ** associated region/space, TFVPGCQPGEFT lipocalin cytoplasm LGNIK SLGLPENHIVFP VPIDQCIDG 192 22636.8 √ √ ↑ 193 22684.7 √ √ ↑ * 194 22735.2 √ √ ↑ 195 P04792 22782.5 22782.3 587.97 85.85 Heat shock Cell surface, LFDQAFGLPR √ √ ↑ ** protein plasma membrane LATQSNEITIPVT beta-1 FESR DGVVEITGK AQLGGPEAAK KYTLPPGVDPTQ VSSSLSPEGTLT VEAPMPK QLSSGVSEIR QDEHGYISR LPEEWSQWLGG SSWPGYVRPLPP AAIESPAVAAPA YSR KYTLPPGVDPTQ VSSSLSPEGTLT VEAPMPK + Oxidation (M) VSLDVNHFAPDE LTVK HEERQDEHGYIS R VPFSLLR GPSWDPFR 196 22819.7 √ √ ↑ 197 22847.8 √ √ ↑ GPPQEEEEEEDE 198 A8K8G0 22963.7 22963.8 95.32 21.15 Hepatoma- Extracellular space EEEATKEDAEAP √ √ ↑ derived growth GIR factor YQVFFFGTHETA FLGPK NSCPPTSELLGTS DR 199 P22352 23463.7 23463.4 270.06 28.32 Glutathione Secreted, QEPGENSEILPTL √ √ ↑ * peroxidase 3 extracellular space K YVRPGGGFVPNF QLFEK AGLAASLAGPHS IVGR 200 P08294 24132.8 24132.5 233.66 46.25 Extracellular Secreted, LACCVVGVCGP √ superoxide extracellular space, GLWER dismutase [Cu- cytoplasm AVVVHAGEDDL Zn] GR AIHVHQFGDLSQ GCESTGPHYNPL AVPHPQHPGDF GNFAVR RDDDGALHAAC QVQPSATLDAA QPR 201 A8MTM1 24498.8 24499.2 138.29 19.82 Carbonyl Cytoplasm GQAAVQQLQAE √ reductase GLSPR [NADPH] 1 EYGGLDVLVNN AGIAFK DINAYNCEEPTE K 202 P30041 24901.8 24901.6 195.12 25 Peroxiredoxin- Cytoplasmic ELAILLGMLDPA √ √ ↑ * 6 membrane- EKDEK bounded vesicle, LPFPIIDDR cytoplasm, FHDFLGDSWGIL FSHPR 203 P17931 26021.1 26022.3 69.75 5.6 Galectin-3 Secreted, VAVNDAHLLQY √ cytoplasm, nucleus, NHR plasma membrane 204 P08311 26757.7 26757.4 52.48 22.35 Cathepsin G Cell surface, VSSFLPWIR √ plasma membrane GDSGGPLLCNN VAHGIVSYGK AQEGLRPGTLCT VAGWGR NVNPVALPR 205 P07858 27815.1 27814.7 195.01 5.31 Cathepsin B Secreted, NGPVEGAFSVYS √ extracellular space DFLLYK 206 28020.5 √ √ ↑ 207 28063.6 √ √ ↑ 208 P02647 28078.6 28079.3 868.44 56.55 Apolipoprotein Secreted, plasma LLDNWDSVTSTF √ √ ↑ ** A-1 membrane SK DYVSQFEGSALG K EQLGPVTQEFW DNLEK VKDLATVYVDV LK VSFLSALEEYTK LREQLGPVTQEF WDNLEK ATEHLSTLSEK QGLLPVLESFK AKPALEDLR THLAPYSDELR LSPLGEEMR ETEGLRQEMSK WQEEMELYR VQPYLDDFQK 209 28117.5 √ 210 28162.0 √ √ ↑ * 211 28202.3 √ √ ↑ 212 28283.0 √ √ ↑ 213 P00918 29114.9 29114.5 139.61 14.23 Carbonic Cell membrane, AVQQPDGLAVL √ √ ↑ ** anhydrase 2 cytoplasm, GIFLK extracellular space QSPVDIDTHTAK GGPLDGTYR DSCQGDSGGPL VCK VPIMENHICDAK VTYYLDWIHHY VPK 214 Q15661- 29533.1 29532.2 280.56 30.08 Isoform 2 of Secreted, DDMLCAGNTR √ 2 Tryptase extracellular space YHLGAYTGDDV alpha/beta-1 R WPWQVSLR SKWPWQVSLR LPPPFPLK EELQANGSAPA ADKEEPAAAGS GAASPSAAEK 215 P29966 31423.5 31424.1 328.34 38.55 Myristoylated Plasma membrane, GEAAAERPGEA √ √ ↑ * alanine-rich cytoplasm, AVASSPSK C-kinase cytoskeleton EAGEGGEAEAP substrate AAEGGK GEPAAAAAPEA GASPVEK EAPAEGEAAEPG SPTAAEGEAASA ASSTSSPK 216 E7EUT4 31547.9 31548.5 815.66 56.31 Glyceraldehyde- Plasma membrane, WGDAGAEYVVE √ 3-phosphate cytoplasm, nucleus STGVFTTMEK dehydrogenase IISNASCTTNCLA PLAK LVINGNPITIFQE R VPTANVSVVDL TCR LISWYDNEFGYS NR VIHDNFGIVEGL MTTVHAITATQ K GILGYTEHQVVS SDFNSDTHSSTF DAGAGIALNDH FVK GALQNIIPASTG AAK LDFTGNLIEDIED GTFSK RLDFTGNLIEDIE DGTFSK LSLLEELSLAEN QLLK 217 P20774 31734.4 31731.3 477.28 40.94 Mimecan Secreted, LEGNPIVLGK √ √ ↑ * extracellular space, VIHLQFNNIASIT extracellular matrix DDTFCK DFADIPNLR LNNLTFLYLDHN ALESVPLNLPES LR LTLFNAK DRIEEIR HPNSFICLK HVEDVPAFQAL GSLNDLQFFR YSLTYIYTGLSK YYYDGKDYIEF NK 218 P25311 32144.9 32145.9 537.95 45.97 Zinc-alpha-2- Secreted, AYLEEECPATLR √ glycoprotein extracellular space, AGEVQEPELR plasma membrane QKWEAEPVYVQ R QDPPSVVVTSHQ APGEK WEAEPVYVQR EIPAWVPFDPAA QITK QVEGMEDWKQ DSQLQK AYLEEECPATLR K YYYDGK IDVHWTR 219 P01009- 32343.5 32345.1 428.82 42.06 Alpha-1- Secreted, TLNQPDSQLQLT √ √ ↑ ** 3 antitrypsin extracellular space TGNGLFLSEGLK VFSNGADLSGVT EEAPLK SASLHLPK SVLGQLGITK DTVFALVNYIFF K LSITGTYDLK TDTSHHDQDHP TFNK ELDRDTVFALV NYIFFK LQHLENELTHDII TK LYHSEAFTVNFG DTEEAKK FLEDVKK QINDYVEK 230 32671.4 √ √ ↑ 231 32714.7 √ √ ↑ 232 32766.8 √ √ ↑ 233 32836.7 √ √ ↑ 234 P07951- 32989.8 32988.4 1772.3 76.41 Isoform 2 of Cell surface, CKQLEEEQQAL √ √ ↑ * 2 Tropomyosin plasma membrane, QK beta chain cytoplasm, QLEEEQQALQK cytoskeleton LKGTEDEVEKYS ESVK LKGTEDEVEK GTEDEVEKYSES VK QLEEEQQALQK K EAQEKLEQAEK 235 P07288 33000- 32991.7 434.51 64.37 Prostate- Secreted, STCSGDSGGPLV √ √ ↑ ** 34000 specific extracellular region CNGVLQGITSW (glycop 33004.6 antigen GSEPCALPERPS rotein) LYTK 33015.9 LSEPAELTDAVK KLQCVDLHVISN 33020.9 DVCAQVHPQK LQCVDLHVISND 33034.7 VCAQVHPQK FLRPGDDSSHDL 33082.1 MLLR HSQPWQVLVAS 33137.7 R HSLFHPEDTGQV 33184.5 FQVSHSFPHPLY DMSLLK + 33252.7 Oxidation (M) IVGGWECEK 33307.1 FMLCAGR + Oxidation (M) 33354.0 FMLCAGR 33407.0 236 33450.1 √ √ ↑ * 237 33506.5 √ √ ↑ 238 33560.3 √ √ ↑ 239 33637.6 √ √ ↑ * 240 A6NLG9 34875.5 34874.1 113.11 10.1 Biglycan Secreted, IQAIELEDLLR √ √ ↑ extracellular space, EISPDTTLLDLQ cell surface NNDISELR TDASDVKPC ATFGCHDGYSL 241 P02749 36254.6 36255.9 129.27 18.84 Beta-2- Secreted, cell DGPEEIECTK √ √ ↑ ** glycoprotein 1 surface FICPLTGLWPINT LK TFYEPGEEITYSC KPGYVSR 242 P51884 36660.9 36663.0 379.5 26.63 Lumican Secreted, SLEDLQLTHNK √ √ ↑ * extracellular space, SLEYLDLSFNQI extracellular matrix AR NIPTVNENLENY YLEVNQLEK FNALQYLR LPSGLPVSLLTL YLDNNK NNQIDHIDEK Note: ^(a)),The theoretical MW values were all calculated using the ExPASy Compute pI/MW tool (http://kr.expasy,org/tools/pi_tool/html.). ^(b)),Unique peptides of detectable protein on prostate cancer tissue section were analyzed by a Waters ACQUITY UPLC system coupled to a LTQ Orbitrap Velos-Pro mass spectrometer.

Example 2C

In this particular embodiment, some tumor-susceptible proteins that have previously been detected as potential biomarkers for other cancers, including apolipoprotein C-I for breast and stomach cancers, S100 A6 for pancreatic cancer, and S100 A8 and A9 for colorectal and gastric cancers, were also detected in prostate cancer tissue for the first time, as currently understood based on the state of the art. The proteins that were found to be either up-regulated or down-regulated in the cancerous region are summarized in Table 7. To verify the MALDI imaging observations, immuno-histological staining was performed for apolipoprotein C-I, S100A6, and S100A8. As shown in FIGS. 33A and 33B these three proteins were expressed at significantly higher levels in the cancerous region than in the non-cancerous region, which was consistent with the results from the MALDI imaging. This consistency highlights the great potential of MALDI imaging for the discovery of new cancer biomarkers. Taken together, these embodiments illustrated the ability of the disclosed method and system embodiments to make coated samples capable of providing the largest group of the potential protein biomarkers for prostate cancer that have been detected in a single MALDI-MSI study.

Example 3

In this embodiment, it was established that the disclosed method and system produced higher signal-to-noise ratios and detected more compounds of interest than one or more control samples. Matrix coating in this particular method was carried using a Bruker ImagePrep electronic sprayer. Thirty spray cycles were performed to coat a thinly-cut tissue section with the matrix. Each spray cycle comprised a 3-s spray step, a 60-s incubation step, and a 90-s drying step. A control embodiment and three method embodiments, as disclosed herein, were conducted, each of which is described in FIG. 27 as I to IV. These embodiments were conducted with four consecutive 12-μm rat brain tissue sections sliced from the same rat brain. After the matrix coating with quercetin, on-tissue detection was performed by MALDI-FTICR MS using the identical set of MS operating and data acquisition parameters. FIGS. 28A-28D shows the four mass spectra, corresponding to the four experiments (I to IV, respectively) that were acquired from the hippocampus region of the four tissue sections. Table 8, below, lists the detected and identified lipid entities and the observed S/N±standard derivation for each of the identified lipid entities from the mass spectra. In summary, 320, 248, and 283 lipid entities were detected from the spectra II to IV, respectively, as compared to only 208 lipid entities detected from the spectrum I, corresponding to the control embodiment. As can be seen from Table 8, the S/Ns of the detected lipids in the spectra II to IV were clearly higher than those in the spectrum I. Without being limited to a particular theory of operation, it is currently believed that applying the electric field during periods other than just the spray cycle can improve results.

TABLE 8 Comparison of lipid detection by MALDI-FTICR MS from the hippocampus region of four rat brain tissue sections with and without electric field applied during the three different steps of each matrix spray cycle. See FIG. 27A for information concerning I, II, III, and IV. Electric field Electric field (Measured m/z) (Average S/N, n = 3) Matrix coating Calc Matrix coating Class No. I II III IV m/z I II Glycerophospholipids 1 478.32921 478.32944 478.32928 478.32951 478.32920 139.9 ± 18.6  383.6 ± 13.5 Phosphatidylcholines 500.31090 500.31143 500.31066 500.31203 500.31115 3.7 ± 2.1 11.2 ± 2.4 (PCs) 516.28499 516.28531 516.28541 516.28563 516.28508 22.4 ± 3.7  49.4 ± 4.4 2 — 502.32660 — — 502.32680 — 13.9 ± 3.5 — 518.30102 — 518.30122 518.30073 — 15.2 ± 4.8 3 — 496.33958 — 496.33830 496.33977 — 13.2 ± 4.6 534.29559 534.29588 534.29588 534.29580 534.29565 25.4 ± 5.9  57.6 ± 4.8 4 — 504.34249 504.34267 504.34272 504.34245 — 12.2 ± 5.6 5 516.30887 516.30896 516.30845 516.30886 516.30847 12.4 ± 5.5  49.4 ± 6.1 6 — 518.32450 — 518.32407 518.32412 — 15.2 ± 5.8 7 506.36056 506.36069 506.36043 506.36065 506.36050 77.2 ± 11.0 132.9 ± 8.1  8 — 528.34262 — 528.34269 528.34245 — 21.4 ± 5.1 544.31639 544.31646 544.31718 544.31689 544.31638 5.7 ± 3.7 21.7 ± 6.4 — 522.35543 522.53496 522.53563 522.35542 — 12.1 ± 3.1 560.31123 560.31143 560.31151 560.31156 560.31130 9.5 ± 5.7 24.7 ± 3.9 10 524.37117 524.37155 524.37130 524.37093 524.37107 8.3 ± 7.1 34.4 ± 6.4 562.32677 562.32725 562.32757 562.32771 562.32695 8.6 ± 4.7 23.1 ± 3.7 11 544.33970 544.33975 544.33927 544.33968 544.33977 6.3 ± 3.2 15.0 ± 5.6 — 582.29603 — — 582.29565 —  5.5 ± 3.3 12 — 546.35543 — — 546.35542 —  5.1 ± 2.6 13 548.37142 548.37134 548.37140 548.37095 548.37107 6.9 ± 4.6 11.7 ± 3.9 586.32713 586.32721 586.32703 586.32704 586.32695 9.2 ± 3.9 19.1 ± 5.3 14 602.32227 602.32135 602.32157 602.32169 602.32186 5.1 ± 3.6 14.1 ± 6.1 15 604.33764 604.33734 604.33725 604.33788 604.33751 7.3 ± 5.4 20.7 ± 7.6 16 606.29527 606.29509 606.29593 606.29558 606.29565 24.3 ± 8.2  53.8 ± 7.1 17 — 608.31094 — 608.31167 608.31130 — 10.3 ± 4.8 18 610.32706 610.32647 610.32657 610.32668 610.32695 9.0 ± 5.2 18.9 ± 6.1 19 614.35835 614.35804 614.35851 614.35816 614.35825 7.0 ± 3.5 15.3 ± 4.9 20 616.37398 616.37402 616.37386 616.37396 616.37390 7.4 ± 3.1 16.3 ± 5.8 21 618.38967 618.38923 618.38966 618.38985 618.38955 5.5 ± 3.4 17.8 ± 5.8 22 644.40537 644.40554 644.40528 644.40540 644.40520 5.8 ± 3.6 13.7 ± 4.6 23 646.42079 646.42107 646.42048 646.42042 646.42085 6.1 ± 4.2 13.7 ± 4.3 24 648.43664 648.43642 648.43663 648.43635 648.43650 5.6 ± 3.0 18.4 ± 4.9 25 650.45234 650.45257 650.45177 650.45262 650.45215 5.0 ± 2.6 14.9 ± 3.4 26 704.52246 704.52283 704.52289 704.52249 704.52248 19.1 ± 5.3  47.2 ± 8.4 27 744.49457 744.49463 744.49418 744.49469 744.49401 6.6 ± 4.3 27.4 ± 6.8 28 766.47811 766.47843 766.47816 766.47839 766.47836 9.1 ± 5.8 20.5 ± 6.7 29 770.50981 770.51011 770.51028 770.51021 770.50966 10.2 ± 6.4  27.6 ± 7.2 734.56954 734.57001 734.56907 734.56950 734.56943 5.0 ± 3.7 14.9 ± 4.2 30 756.55161 756.55118 756.55135 756.55167 756.55138 20.2 ± 6.1  50.2 ± 5.4 772.52537 772.52504 772.52518 775.52511 772.52531 181.4 ± 12.1  415.2 ± 15.7 31 790.47818 790.47857 790.47825 790.47820 790.47836 6.4 ± 3.2 23.5 ± 5.5 32 792.49398 792.49424 792.49442 792.49458 792.49401 6.3 ± 3.4 14.8 ± 5.5 33 — 794.50967 — 794.50971 794.50966 — 14.2 ± 4.1 34 — 796.52530 796.52567 796.52576 796.52531 — 16.1 ± 5.1 35 760.58524 760.58475 760.58506 760.58503 760.58508 5.3 ± 3.7 15.7 ± 4.6 782.56776 782.56690 782.56710 782.56734 782.56703 27.4 ± 5.4  77.9 ± 8.1 798.54057 798.54062 798.54052 798.54069 798.54096 188.8 ± 16.3  683.8 ± 18.0 36 — 762.60067 — 762.60111 762.60073 — 29.6 ± 5.6 — 784.58279 784.58291 784.58283 784.58268 —  9.3 ± 3.8 — 800.55681 800.55630 800.55657 800.55661 —  84.3 ± 10.6 37 — 804.55102 — 804.55126 804.55138 — 20.2 ± 5.1 820.52528 820.52564 820.52513 820.52528 820.52531 37.3 ± 6.4  159.0 ± 13.5 38 — 822.54083 — 822.54072 822.54096 — 27.7 ± 5.8 39 792.56663 792.56609 792.56656 792.56654 792.56678 5.1 ± 3.3 14.8 ± 5.9 40 808.58242 808.58219 808.58282 808.58298 808.58268 6.3 ± 3.7 15.3 ± 4.8 824.55618 824.55651 824.55661 824.55654 824.55661 36.0 ± 5.7  86.8 ± 8.3 41 — 810.57727 810.57742 810.57762 810.57735 — 15.1 ± 5.0 42 — 788.61632 788.61684 788.61601 788.61638 —  9.6 ± 4.1 826.57220 826.57280 826.57285 826.57299 826.57226 97.1 ± 12.5 361.4 ± 20.1 43 828.58806 828.58799 828.58769 828.58747 828.58791 16.3 ± 6.4  53.8 ± 7.2 44 786.54376 786.54364 786.54326 786.54396 786.54322 6.5 ± 3.7 16.9 ± 5.6 45 844.52571 844.52562 844.52517 844.52539 844.52531 17.7 ± 7.2   74.3 ± 11.2 46 846.54121 846.54098 846.54049 846.54129 846.54096 14.2 ± 6.5  54.7 ± 8.3 810.60045 810.60115 810.59994 810.60041 810.60073 9.1 ± 5.1 28.3 ± 6.8 47 832.58284 832.58253 832.58254 832.58241 832.58268 11.4 ± 5.5  20.4 ± 6.3 848.55723 848.55675 848.55674 848.55693 848.55661 165.5 ± 15.2  885.3 ± 25.5 48 850.57224 850.57247 850.57276 850.57215 850.57226 10.3 ± 3.6  27.4 ± 6.4 49 854.60387 854.60371 854.60345 854.60317 854.60356 6.2 ± 3.4 23.4 ± 5.7 50 — 840.62426 840.62452 840.62411 840.62430 — 15.7 ± 5.4 51 856.61947 856.61945 856.61958 856.61948 856.61921 11.8 ± 4.2  39.1 ± 7.0 52 — 864.49419 — — 864.49401 — 12.0 ± 4.0 53 — 866.50959 — 866.50955 866.50966 — 12.5  4.3 54 — 852.53071 — — 852.53040 — 15.2 ± 5.0 55 870.54121 870.54027 870.54113 870.54091 870.54096 6.4 ± 3.1 33.2 ± 6.5 56 856.58214 856.58277 856.58257 586.58275 856.58268 6.6 ± 3.7 19.9 ± 5.0 872.55660 872.55643 872.55644 872.55652 872.55661 23.5 ± 5.2  120.2 ± 13.6 57 874.57235 874.57191 874.57248 874.57213 874.57226 17.9 ± 5.3  52.1 ± 8.8 58 876.58740 876.58767 876.58757 876.58750 876.58791 26.0 ± 5.5   60.9 ± 13.4 59 — 880.61923 — 880.61956 880.61921 — 10.6 ± 4.3 60 882.63526 882.63453 882.63598 882.63597 882.63486 7.2 ± 3.8 20.3 ± 5.3 61 906.63497 906.63465 906.63490 906.63489 906.63486 6.2 ± 3.3 24.6 ± 5.6 62 — 908.65023 908.65095 908.65022 908.65051 — 14.5 ± 4.4 63 910.66627 910.66639 910.66605 910.66601 910.66616 6.7 ± 3.4 22.2 ± 5.5 64 — 936.68227 — — 936.68181 —  8.2 ± 5.3 65 — 956.65043 — — 956.65051 —  6.7 ± 3.3 Phosphatidylethanolamines 1 476.25392 476.25387 476.25338 476.25372 476.25378 5.0 ± 2.1 23.6 ± 5.6 (PEs) 2 490.23326 490.23327 490.23309 490.23304 490.23305 5.1 ± 2.2 10.2 ± 4.2 3 — 492.24870 — 492.24864 492.24870 —  8.7 ± 4.0 4 514.23336 514.23314 514.23292 514.23296 514.23305 5.2 ± 2.3 14.4 ± 4.5 5 516.24887 516.24847 516.24846 516.24850 516.24870 5.5 ± 2.4 11.6 ± 4.4 6 518.26456 518.26421 518.26449 518.26420 518.26435 5.3 ± 2.3  8.4 ± 4.2 7 504.28536 504.28529 504.28511 504.28509 504.28508 8.5 ± 4.3 25.2 ± 5.7 8 520.28034 520.28006 520.28042 520.2803  520.28000 5.3 ± 2.2 15.4 ± 4.5 9 — 540.24891 — 540.24865 540.24870 — 23.6 ± 5.3 10 — 542.26438 542.26435 542.26443 542.26435 — 33.4 ± 7.2 11 544.27983 544.28009 544.28046 544.28016 544.28000 5.0 ± 2.1  8.5 ± 4.3 12 546.29528 546.29566 546.29545 546.29560 546.29565 6.5 ± 3.4 26.2 ± 5.4 13 510.35532 510.35562 510.35540 510.35541 510.35542 5.0 ± 2.2 10.5 ± 4.3 — 548.31180 548.31144 548.31163 548.31130 —  9.5 ± 4.1 14 564.24855 564.24874 564.24876 564.24878 564.24870 6.8 ± 3.4 11.4 ± 4.3 15 568.28031 568.27959 568.28016 568.28013 568.28000 5.6 ± 2.6 14.4 ± 4.2 16 572.31156 572.31115 572.31110 572.31131 572.31130 7.3 ± 3.9 17.5 ± 5.1 17 574.32714 574.32675 574.32685 574.32687 574.32695 6.3 ± 3.4 21.9 ± 5.3 18 — 538.38622 — — 538.38672 —  9.9 ± 4.4 — 560.36859 560.36855 560.36857 560.36866 — 24.7 ± 5.5 19 602.35847 602.35803 602.35824 602.38532 602.35825 6.7 ± 3.3 31.2 ± 5.9 20 — 644.36862 644.36895 644.36883 644.36881 —  9.6 ± 4.3 21 646.38471 646.38438 646.38473 646.38470 646.38446 8.2 ± 4.4 26.4 ± 5.4 22 756.49357 756.49369 756.49403 756.49403 756.49401 5.4 ± 2.3 10.2 ± 4.6 23 740.49934 740.49921 740.49931 740.49889 740.49910 76.0 ± 10.1 233.7 ± 16.5 24 — 742.51414 742.51473 742.51482 742.51475 11.0 ± 4.6  24.3 ± 6.5 25 750.44725 750.44734 750.44706 750.44698 750.44706 8.9 ± 5.0 36.2 ± 6.9 26 758.51025 758.51000 758.50997 758.50987 758.50966 6.1 ± 3.1 17.1 ± 5.3 27 764.49935 764.49904 764.49920 764.49929 764.49910 12.4 ± 4.8  21.6 ± 5.6 28 780.49434 780.49412 780.49438 780.49414 780.49401 6.9 ± 3.4 13.8 ± 5.7 29 — 782.50982 — 782.50983 782.50966 —  9.6 ± 4.5 30 768.53035 768.53053 768.53064 768.53057 768.53040 5.4 ± 2.5 15.3 ± 5.0 31 784.52487 784.52570 784.52509 784.52544 784.52531 6.3 ± 2.8 14.1 ± 4.6 32 770.54633 770.54624 770.54604 770.54620 770.54605 9.6 ± 4.4 62.3 ± 8.4 33 748.58529 748.58529 748.58494 748.58528 748.58508 14.1 ± 4.6  31.0 ± 6.5 34 786.48345 786.48354 786.48341 786.48361 786.48345 10.5 ± 4.5  24.9 ± 5.4 35 802.47873 802.47840 802.47816 802.47839 802.47836 5.0 ± 2.3  8.7 ± 4.3 36 788.49860 788.49835 788.49898 788.49917 788.49910 9.7 ± 4.6 21.6 ± 5.2 37 804.49397 804.49421 804.49407 804.49406 804.49401 8.4 ± 4.2 14.6 ± 4.7 38 790.51451 790.51488 790.51460 790.51479 790.51475 10.2 ± 4.3  23.5 ± 5.6 39 806.50956 806.50991 806.50965 806.50983 806.50966 8.6 ± 4.3 48.3 ± 7.7 40 — 792.53052 — — 792.53040 —  6.3 ± 3.2 41 — 810.54083 — — 810.54096 —  5.1 ± 2.6 42 774.60072 774.60067 774.60074 774.60072 774.60073 23.1 ± 5.5  60.0 ± 8.3 812.55651 812.55688 812.55673 812.55651 812.55661 6.9 ± 3.5 17.3 ± 5.3 43 812.49973 812.49979 812.49940 812.49967 812.49910 15.9 ± 4.8  33.2 ± 6.7 44 — 828.49435 828.49409 828.49425 828.49401 — 23.2 ± 5.6 45 814.51423 814.51441 814.51507 814.51515 814.51475 7.4 ± 3.5 14.2 ± 5.0 46 830.50921 830.50977 830.50983 830.50988 830.50966 5.4 ± 2.3 15.3 ± 4.8 47 816.53073 816.53009 816.52979 816.53026 816.53040 6.8 ± 3.5 17.1 ± 5.2 48 — 832.52507 — — 832.52531 —  5.6 ± 2.4 49 818.54653 818.54557 818.54617 818.54630 818.54605 6.7 ± 3.5 17.8 ± 5.3 50 834.54078 834.54025 834.54090 834.54079 834.54096 7.8 ± 3.6 21.6 ± 5.5 51 802.63127 802.63128 802.63221 802.63239 802.63203 11.7 ± 4.5  23.8 ± 5.6 52 — 850.47870 — 850.47867 850.47836 —  7.5 ± 3.5 53 852.49450 852.49475 852.49415 852.49418 852.49401 18.5 ± 5.0   96.6 ± 14.1 54 — 854.51013 854.51001 854.51033 854.50966 — 36.4 ± 6.8 55 — 856.52505 — 856.25252 856.52531 —  9.1 ± 4.5 56 — 858.54080 — — 858.54096 —  5.3 ± 2.2 57 — 824.61619 824.61635 824.61643 824.61638 — 10.5 ± 4.2 58 810.63736 810.63704 810.63724 817.63736 810.63712 6.8 ± 3.6 20.3 ± 5.2 59 864.58803 864.58775 864.58764 864.58787 864.58791 8.8 ± 3.6 18.5 ± 5.1 60 850.60840 850.60853 850.60862 850.60878 850.60865 5.2 ± 2.1 12.7 ± 4.5 61 845.67442 845.67436 845.67460 845.67429 845.67423 5.0 ± 2.1 11.2 ± 4.3 62 — 852.62425 — 852.62424 852.62430 — 14.1 ± 5.0 63 868.61952 868.61934 868.61941 868.61936 868.61921 6.2 ± 3.1 13.4 ± 4.8 64 870.63493 870.63471 870.63470 870.63484 870.63486 5.9 ± 2.8 13.3 ± 4.7 65 — 878.50911 878.50958 878.50963 878.50966 —  8.9 ± 3.7 66 — 880.52546 — — 880.52531 —  5.3 ± 2.2 67 886.57251 886.57238 886.57246 886.57210 886.57226 5.0 ± 2.0 17.8 ± 5.3 68 888.58817 888.58780 888.58787 888.58776 888.58791 5.0 ± 2.0 15.0 ± 4.8 69 — 896.65061 — 896.65088 896.65051 —  7.4 ± 3.4 Phosphatidic 1 475.22224 475.22231 475.22218 475.22237 475.22215 5.0 ± 2.1 12.3 ± 4.3 acids 2 477.23741 477.23744 477.23784 477.23792 477.23780 5.1 ± 2.2  7.6 ± 3.4 (PAs) 3 497.20681 497.20674 497.20651 497.20632 497.20650 15.7 ± 5.1  30.7 ± 6.3 4 499.22247 499.22225 499.22209 499.22218 499.22215 5.0 ± 2.2 21.2 ± 5.3 5 501.23790 501.23795 501.23770 501.23734 501.23780 5.1 ± 2.3 18.2 ± 6.0 6 487.27973 487.27974 487.27967 487.27973 487.27951 11.4 ± 4.5  20.8 ± 5.2 503.25347 503.25357 503.25374 503.25332 503.25345 5.2 ± 2.1 17.7 ± 5.7 7 525.23791 525.23767 525.23770 525.23756 525.23780 7.8 ± 3.5 22.4 ± 5.6 8 531.28481 531.28493 531.28467 531.28463 531.28475 8.0 ± 3.4 15.2 ± 4.9 9 533.30061 533.30057 533.30043 533.30024 533.30040 5.2 ± 2.3 19.7 ± 4.3 10 679.37382 679.37367 679.37359 679.37374 679.37356 5.3 ± 3.4 20.4 ± 4.2 11 681.38945 681.38952 681.38910 681.38956 681.38921 5.0 ± 2.5 16.6 ± 3.4 12 683.40504 683.40493 683.40481 683.40497 683.40486 5.2 ± 2.4  9.5 ± 3.1 13 685.42092 685.42113 685.42053 685.42041 685.42051 5.2 ± 2.4 16.4 ± 4.2 14 687.43577 687.43633 687.43638 687.43626 687.43616 5.3 ± 2.5 14.1 ± 3.3 15 643.50361 643.50371 643.50333 643.50384 643.50370 5.2 ± 2.4 13.9 ± 3.6 16 — 709.42087 709.42030 709.42052 709.42051 5.3 ± 2.3 23.4 ± 5.2 17 711.43679 711.43686 711.43644 711.43664 711.43616 6.1 ± 2.6 28.0 ± 5.3 18 697.4780  697.47829 697.47786 697.47787 697.47788 16.8 ± 3.6  56.3 ± 7.8 713.45177 713.45196 713.45179 713.45180 713.45181 93.9 ± 8.9  463.8 ± 18.7 19 — 699.47295 — 699.47276 699.47255 —  6.5 ± 3.1 20 701.45151 701.45132 701.45185 701.45154 701.45166 5.3 ± 2.5 16.5 ± 4.7 21 733.42063 733.42038 733.42062 733.42047 733.42051 5.2 ± 2.1 14.8 ± 4.2 22 — 735.43625 735.43623 735.43638 735.43616 —  8.0 ± 3.6 23 737.45231 737.45211 737.45122 737.45139 737.45181 6.1 ± 2.8 23.2 ± 4.7 24 723.49342 723.49388 723.49373 723.49385 723.49353 14.8 ± 4.4  65.0 ± 7.8 739.46750 739.46738 739.46722 739.46742 739.46746 108.8 ± 9.5  542.8 ± 20.1 25 — 741.48304 741.48326 741.48345 741.48311 —  9.3 ± 4.1 26 727.46771 727.46777 727.46756 727.46785 727.46731 7.8 ± 3.5 11.4 ± 4.3 27 — 759.43543 — 759.43629 759.43616 —  7.1 ± 3.2 28 761.45147 761.45158 761.45174 761.45189 761.45181 24.2 ± 6.1  91.0 ± 8.7 29 725.51189 725.51175 725.51177 725.51147 725.51158 6.7 ± 3.6 25.4 ± 5.2 763.46737 763.46801 763.46702 763.46733 763.46746 9.4 ± 3.8 38.5 ± 5.8 30 — 749.50874 — — 749.50918 —  6.1 ± 2.5 765.48387 765.48304 765.48338 765.48346 765.48311 10.6 ± 4.5  29.1 ± 8.2 31 751.52478 751.52440 751.52497 751.52476 751.52483 5.5 ± 2.4 15.2 ± 4.1 767.49893 767.49919 767.49898 767.49897 767.49876 33.4 ± 5.7  138.7 ± 10.2 32 771.53026 771.53014 771.53009 771.53006 771.53006 5.1 ± 2.4 10.3 ± 5.3 33 785.45156 785.45107 785.45189 785.45182 785.45181 14.0 ± 4.1  33.9 ± 5.8 34 — 787.46788 787.46738 787.46753 787.46746 — 22.4 ± 5.2 35 — 773.50955 — 773.50926 773.50918 —  8.6 ± 3.8 789.48298 789.48282 789.48328 789.48335 789.48311 12.4 ± 3.6  56.6 ± 7.9 36 777.54072 777.54061 777.54067 777.54036 777.54048 5.7 ± 3.0 16.6 ± 5.3 37 — 809.45195 — 809.45167 809.45181 —  7.9 ± 4.5 Phosphoglycerols 1 547.24337 547.24304 547.24339 547.24346 547.24328 5.1 ± 2.0 11.7 ± 5.0 (PGs) 2 573.25907 573.25867 573.25893 573.25897 573.25893 5.0 ± 2.0  9.9 ± 4.6 3 559.30086 559.30057 559.30077 559.30066 559.30064 14.0 ± 5.3  71.9 ± 9.9 4 599.27468 599.27421 599.27451 599.27468 599.27458 7.1 ± 3.4 14.2 ± 5.6 5 603.30597 603.30578 603.30555 603.30566 603.30588 14.0 ± 5.7  31.2 ± 7.0 6 — 745.47747 745.47808 745.47811 745.47803 — 11.2 ± 4.8 7 — 743.48550 — 743.48589 743.48576 —  7.6 ± 3.5 8 783.45743 783.45732 783.45738 783.45734 783.45729 13.1 ± 5.0  36.9 ± 7.7 9 793.49947 793.49954 793.49909 793.49914 793.49901 12.1 ± 4.8  29.8 ± 7.2 10 817.53567 817.53534 817.53538 817.53570 817.53554 6.8 ± 3.2 19.5 ± 6.5 11 — 801.56403 801.56403 801.56415 801.56401 — 31.0 ± 7.5 12 825.56178 825.56146 825.56130 825.65160 825.56161 10.8 ± 4.3   40.0 ± 11.2 13 — 887.51967 — — 887.51989 —  5.1 ± 2.6 Phosphatidylserine 1 576.30650 576.30642 576.30634 576.30643 576.30621 6.3 ± 3.1 17.7 ± 5.1 (PS) 2 592.30146 592.30134 592.30114 592.30117 592.30113 5.3 ± 2.6 15.3 ± 5.4 3 612.26999 612.26968 612.26980 612.26991 612.26983 7.9 ± 3.6 33.5 ± 9.6 4 — 780.47812 780.47845 780.47888 780.47861 — 14.8 ± 4.6 5 — 808.50976 808.50943 808.50986 808.50991 — 12.0 ± 4.8 6 828.51508 828.51537 828.515  828.515  828.51514 38.0 ± 7.9  107.8 ± 9.4  7 — 824.44713 — 824.44735 824.44731 — 10.5 ± 5.0 8 — 826.46296 826.46253 826.46242 826.46296 — 19.8 ± 6.1 9 846.46837 846.46807 846.46819 846.46814 846.46819 35.7 ± 7.5  165.6 ± 15.0 10 830.47361 830.47354 830.47338 830.47321 830.47328 9.6 ± 4.1  49.2 ± 11.9 11 — 834.52516 — 834.52561 834.52556 —  8.9 ± 4.6 12 — 854.49493 — 854.49424 854.49426 —  7.3 ± 3.3 13 — 856.50985 — — 856.50991 —  5.3 ± 2.5 14 — 858.52587 858.52585 858.52577 858.52556 — 18.0 ± 5.9 15 — 860.54139 — 860.54120 860.54121 —  8.9 ± 4.5 16 846.62196 846.62150 846.621  846.621  846.62186 34.2 ± 7.1   54.7 ± 12.4 17 — 830.62688 — — 830.62695 —  6.2 ± 3.1 18 848.63754 848.63714 848.63742 848.63764 848.63751 9.6 ± 4.3  49.4 ± 15.3 19 — 884.54178 884.54134 884.54120 884.54121 —  9.6 ± 4.6 Phosphatidylinositols 1 — 919.47341 — 919.47332 919.47334 —  8.9 ± 3.9 (PIs) 2 925.52050 925.52053 925.52027 925.52038 925.52029 6.3 ± 3.0 26.7 ± 6.1 3 945.48858 945.48861 945.48894 945.48876 945.48899 5.1 ± 2.0 24.6 ± 5.7 4 915.59563 915.59576 915.59560 915.59565 915.59571 6.7 ± 3.2 24.8 ± 5.8 5 — 931.53324 931.53339 931.53319 931.53311 — 16.8 ± 5.1 6 — 975.53674 — 975.53592 975.53594 —  9.6 ± 4.2 7 — 945.58259 — — 945.58274 —  5.1 ± 2.0 8 — 961.57721 — — 961.57765 —  6.6 ± 3.3 Glycerophosphoinositol 1 — 1035.43662  1035.43735  1035.43725  1035.43730  — 18.7 ± 6.3 bisphosphates (PIP2s) Glycerophosphoglycero- 1 947.50162 947.50279 947.50243 947.50255 947.50212 72.1 ± 9.8  146.3 ± 14.9 phosphoglycerols 963.47655 963.47618 963.47637 963.47607 963.47605 335.6 ± 16.4  1486.4 ± 38.8  (cardiolipins) Cyclic 1 415.22203 415.22193 415.22224 415.22208 415.22200 7.2 ± 3.3 15.3 ± 5.6 phosphatidic 431.19616 431.19611 431.19573 431.19589 431.19593 5.6 ± 2.3 18.9 ± 6.5 acids 2 455.19588 455.19572 455.19594 455.19563 455.19593 8.6 ± 5.5 36.0 ± 8.4 (cPAs) 3 441.23724 441.23769 441.23761 441.23778 441.23765 5.0 ± 2.1  9.8 ± 4.8 457.21173 457.21177 457.21152 457.21179 457.2158  7.8 ± 3.5 31.5 ± 8.0 4 443.25320 443.25334 443.25360 443.25344 443.25330 5.3 ± 2.3 11.2 ± 5.0 459.22741 459.22743 459.22761 459.22738 459.22723 14.1 ± 5.3  31.3 ± 8.0 CDP- 1 — 980.53779 — 980.53711 980.53722 —  7.8 ± 3.5 Glycerols — 1018.49325  — 1018.49318  1018.49310  — 10.3 ± 5.9 2 — 982.55256 982.55295 982.55284 982.55287 — 12.0 ± 5.0 — 1020.50867  — — 1020.50875  —  5.0 ± 2.0 3 — 1010.58474  — 1010.58419  1010.58417  —  7.8 ± 3.5 4 — 1058.58469  — — 1058.58417  —  5.4 ± 2.5 — 1096.54020  1096.54005  1096.54030  1096.54005  — 10.9 ± 4.7 Glycerophosphate 1 — 467.25331 — 467.25328 467.25330 —  6.3 ± 3.0 — 483.22728 483.22732 483.22731 483.22723 — 29.2 ± 7.9 Sphingolipids 1 464.35027 464.35032 464.35002 464.35017 464.35005 5.1 ± 2.2  8.7 ± 4.1 Ceramides 2 602.49122 602.49131 602.49080 602.49086 602.49090 6.7 ± 3.1 21.2 ± 6.2 (Cers) 3 604.50681 604.50685 604.50625 604.50674 604.50655 5.3 ± 2.0 10.7 ± 4.3 4 — 684.47275 — 684.47268 684.47288 —  9.5 ± 4.2 5 632.53823 632.53811 632.53764 632.53784 632.53785 7.5 ± 3.6 27.3 ± 7.5 6 686.58460 686.58456 686.58453 686.58482 686.58480 7.4 ± 3.5 16.4 ± 5.4 7 — 766.55160 766.55116 766.55102 766.55113 — 13.0 ± 5.2 8 — 688.60044 — 688.60040 688.60045 —  7.3 ± 3.1 Sphingomyelins 1 — 703.57475 703.57490 703.57487 703.57485 —  8.7 ± 4.2 (SMs) 725.55694 725.55673 725.55684 725.55677 725.55680 6.2 ± 2.7 24.5 ± 6.2 2 753.58822 753.58804 753.58830 753.58840 753.58810 12.3 ± 4.1  22.9 ± 5.7 769.56187 769.56224 769.56217 769.56217 769.56203 86.2 ± 9.9  138.3 ± 13.6 3 797.59355 797.59361 797.59388 797.59353 797.59333 5.5 ± 2.4  9.1 ± 5.1 4 — 787.66858 — — 787.66875 —  7.3 ± 4.2 825.62481 825.62452 825.62483 825.62443 825.62463 20.8 ± 5.3  40.0 ± 7.5 5 — 813.68484 — 813.68451 813.68440 — 12.2 ± 5.0 851.64021 851.64041 851.64026 851.64033 851.64028 7.6 ± 3.6 12.2 ± 4.1 6 — 815.70041 815.70019 815.70013 815.70005 —  8.0 ± 3.4 837.68204 837.68232 837.68213 837.68204 837.68200 12.2 ± 4.3  28.4 ± 5.1 853.65568 853.65645 853.65584 853.65590 853.65593 6.4 ± 3.3 13.7 ± 5.2 Glycosphingolipids 1 500.29815 500.29867 500.29862 500.29856 500.29841 21.2 ± 5.2  53.7 ± 7.4 2 — 828.54447 828.54430 828.54435 828.54436 — 16.2 ± 5.2 3 766.55930 766.55942 766.55929 766.55958 766.55938 6.7 ± 3.4 14.3 ± 4.5 4 — 856.57577 — — 856.57566 —  7.5 ± 3.9 5 — 852.58713 — 852.58738 852.58652 — 10.1 ± 5.5 6 794.59084 794.59095 794.59072 794.59081 794.59068 8.5 ± 4.5 14.2 ± 6.3 7 820.60671 820.60674 820.60645 820.60653 820.60633 70.3 ± 11.2 159.0 ± 16.3 8 — 836.60133 — — 836.60124 —  5.2 ± 2.5 9 822.62156 822.62190 822.62172 822.62174 822.62198 10.6 ± 6.1  17.7 ± 8.3 10 — 928.61212 928.62127 928.62116 928.61220 — 18.6 ± 9.4 11 832.66332 832.66350 832.66377 832.66385 832.66369 5.9 ± 2.8 14.0 ± 6.2 848.63842 848.63831 848.63782 848.63774 848.63763 9.5 ± 5.9  49.8 ± 13.5 12 — 892.67158 892.67173 892.67185 892.67197 —  8.2 ± 5.3 13 850.65337 850.65367 850.65323 850.65338 850.65328 5.2 ± 2.1 19.2 ± 6.7 14 — 852.66911 — — 852.66893 —  7.3 ± 4.3 15 876.66867 876.66849 876.66873 876.66889 876.66893 26.0 ± 13.1  60.9 ± 16.1 16 878.68478 878.68466 878.68449 878.68463 878.68458 5.4 ± 2.4 15.5 ± 5.8 17 — 1010.69083  — — 1010.69045  —  6.5 ± 2.8 18 — 1012.70616  — — 1012.70610  —  5.6 ± 2.3 Sphingoid 1 — 264.19316 — — 264.19340 —  6.5 ± 3.1 bases Ceramide 1 — 852.50034 852.49982 852.49998 852.49989 — 13.2 ± 4.3 phosphoinositols 2 838.61641 838.61683 838.61671 838.61680 838.61678 14.0 ± 5.1  52.6 ± 9.1 (PI- 3 864.63248 864.63279 864.63277 864.63219 864.63243 63.1 ± 13.2 186.1 ± 20.1 Cers) 4 866.64825 866.64805 866.64823 866.64808 866.64808 77.1 ± 14.3 256.8 ± 23.4 5 — 904.62434 — 904.62497 904.62494 —  8.9 ± 4.4 6 894.679  894.67917 894.67952 894.67927 894.67938 5.6 ± 2.4 11.6 ± 4.2 7 — 1154.70941  — 1154.70940  1154.70921  —  8.4 ± 4.2 Neutral 1 369.24012 369.24037 369.24014 369.24011 369.24017 5.4 ± 2.3 10.3 ± 5.1 Lipids 2 — 379.28181 — — 379.28188 —  5.1 ± 2.0 Glycerolipids — 395.25575 — — 395.25582 —  5.4 ± 2.3 Monoacylglycerols 3 — 397.27164 — — 397.27147 —  5.5 ± 2.0 (MAGs) 4 — 417.24037 — — 417.24017 —  5.7 ± 2.5 5 419.25577 419.25581 419.25546 419.25564 419.25582 5.4 ± 2.2 17.3 ± 5.8 6 — 425.26612 — — 425.26623 —  5.2 ± 2.3 7 445.27173 445.27173 445.27126 445.27130 445.27147 5.3 ± 2.0  8.0 ± 3.2 Diacylglycerols 1 551.50347 551.50365 551.50360 551.50349 551.50339 60.8 ± 13.1 287.8 ± 16.8 (DAGs) — 573.48551 573.48547 573.48539 573.48533 —  9.9 ± 4.0 — 589.45915 — 589.45918 589.45927 —  7.9 ± 3.2 2 607.47016 607.47032 607.46982 607.46976 607.46983 6.7 ± 2.7 16.6 ± 5.3 3 561.52389 561.52376 561.52370 561.52410 561.52412 5.3 ± 2.4  7.6 ± 3.1 4 — 631.47028 — — 631.46983 —  5.2 ± 2.0 5 633.48582 633.48581 633.48549 633.48538 633.48548 6.4 ± 3.1 11.5 ± 5.2 6 619.50647 619.50655 619.50631 619.50645 619.50622 5.2 ± 2.2  7.9 ± 3.2 7 — 635.50160 — 635.50131 635.50113 —  7.6 ± 3.1 8 655.46930 655.47014 655.46992 655.46986 655.46983 6.8 ± 3.2 16.0 ± 5.1 9 603.53483 603.53505 603.53425 603.53452 603.53469 27.2 ± 8.2   54.1 ± 13.2 10 — 657.48501 — — 657.48548 —  5.3 ± 2.4 11 589.55568 589.55554 589.55533 589.55549 589.55542 5.1 ± 2.0  7.9 ± 3.3 — 611.53758 611.53720 611.53741 611.53737 —  7.4 ± 3.1 12 659.50094 659.50127 659.501  659.501  659.50113 5.4 ± 2.3 10.5 ± 4.2 13 661.51710 661.51722 661.51665 661.51648 661.51678 5.7 ± 2.4  9.4 ± 3.7 14 — 621.48715 621.48768 621.48770 621.48774 —  7.9 ± 3.2 15 — 679.47020 — — 679.46983 —  6.4 ± 2.5 16 — 681.48559 — — 681.48548 —  6.0 ± 2.4 17 683.50168 683.50180 683.50112 683.50122 683.50113 5.0 ± 2.0  8.4 ± 3.6 18 687.53220 687.53232 687.53233 687.53229 687.53243 6.0 ± 2.6 10.3 ± 4.2 19 689.54863 689.54838 689.54804 689.54821 689.54808 5.2 ± 2.0  8.1 ± 3.5 20 682.45673 682.45663 682.45666 682.45674 682.45677 11.5 ± 4.4  24.6 ± 6.5 21 — 699.43846 699.43853 699.43846 699.43853 —  9.0 ± 3.6 22 649.51920 649.51967 649.51932 649.51942 649.51904 6.7 ± 2.8 15.7 ± 5.2 23 — 635.53977 — 635.53957 635.53977 —  7.3 ± 3.0 24 651.53446 651.53511 651.53481 651.53509 651.53469 15.6 ± 5.3  52.2 ± 9.0 25 707.50137 707.50059 707.50159 707.50138 707.50113 5.3 ± 2.2  9.3 ± 4.3 26 725.45443 725.45413 725.45407 725.45419 725.45418 7.6 ± 3.1 15.4 ± 5.3 Triradylglycerols 1 — 869.66542 869.66546 869.66533 869.66537 — 11.2 ± 4.4 (TAGs) 2 — 873.69664 — — 873.69667 —  6.7 ± 3.2 3 — 995.70995 — — 995.70991 —  5.8 ± 2.5 4 — 997.72583 — 997.72531 997.72556 —  7.8 ± 3.2 5 — 1035.68350  — 1035.68378  1035.68385  — 11.0 ± 4.5 Other 1 834.62159 834.62108 834.62174 834.62165 834.62183 15.3 ± 5.3   46.4 ± 12.3 Glycerolipids Sterol 1 429.24023 429.24054 429.24022 429.24017 429.24017 6.1 ± 2.9 13.6 ± 4.3 Lipids 2 457.27125 457.27128 457.27159 457.27135 457.27147 8.5 ± 4.4 31.5 ± 7.6 3 — 423.30220 — — 423.30237 —  5.7 ± 2.6 4 — 471.28682 — — 471.28712 —  6.4 ± 3.1 5 409.34418 409.34413 409.34404 409.34418 409.34409 6.2 ± 3.0 15.2 ± 5.6 425.31836 425.31823 425.31805 425.31808 425.31802 6.0 ± 2.8 13.5 ± 5.3 6 473.32393 473.32356 473.32378 473.32357 473.32375 5.7 ± 2.5 14.7 ± 5.8 7 — 489.31869 — — 489.31866 —  6.0 ± 2.8 8 485.30306 485.30288 485.30275 485.30296 485.30277 5.5 ± 2.4 12.5 ± 5.0 9 — 431.32854 — 431.32866 431.32844 —  6.4 ± 3.1 10 497.33956 497.33943 497.33920 497.33919 497.33915 6.4 ± 3.0 10.6 ± 4.7 11 — 777.41861 — — 777.41859 —  5.4 ± 2.3 12 — 827.41889 827.41886 827.41890 827.41898 — 11.9 ± 4.8 Prenol 1 445.29251 445.29235 445.29231 445.29241 445.29245 5.0 ± 2.0  7.2 ± 4.4 Lipids Fatty acyls 1 — 319.20346 — — 319.20339 —  5.0 ± 2.3 Fatty acids 2 321.21914 321.21911 321.21903 321.21924 321.21904 5.4 ± 2.2 15.0 ± 6.0 (FAs) 3 343.20408 343.20348 343.20335 343.20345 343.20339 6.0 ± 2.7 20.2 ± 6.0 4 367.20339 367.20345 367.20332 367.20339 367.20339 5.4 ± 2.3 10.1 ± 5.2 5 — 393.29789 393.29743 393.29776 393.29753 — 21.6 ± 6.5 409.27132 409.27128 409.27160 409.27133 409.27147 7.2 ± 3.3 23.9 ± 6.3 6 465.33448 465.33428 465.33406 465.33421 465.33407 13.2 ± 5.3  23.2 ± 6.2 Other 1 322.05479 322.05478 322.05479 322.05464 322.05483 12.3 ± 5.1  28.3 ± 6.6 compounds 2 — 327.03528 — — 327.03526 —  6.0 ± 2.6 3 352.04164 352.04158 352.04170 352.04169 352.04174 5.2 ± 2.3 12.0 ± 6.0 368.01546 368.01550 368.01581 368.01559 368.01568 5.8 ± 2.5 20.1 ± 7.1 4 — 1146.50914  — 1146.50857  1146.50865  —  8.4 ± 5.4 — 1168.49083  — 1168.49027  1168.49060  —  6.5 ± 2.9 Electric field (Average S/N, n = 3) Assignment Matrix coating Ion Molecular Class No. III IV form Compnd formula Glycerophospholipids 1 204.0 ± 15.1 271.2 ± 16.9 [M + H]⁺ PC(O- C₂₄H₄₈NO₆P Phosphatidylcholines  5.5 ± 2.0  6.4 ± 3.6 [M + Na]⁺ 16:2) (PCs) 24.5 ± 5.2 37.9 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ 2 — — [M + Na]⁺ PC(O- C₂₄H₅₀NO₆P — 11.4 ± 7.1 [M + K]⁺ 16:1) 3 —  8.7 ± 5.3 [M + H]⁺ PC(16:0) C₂₄H₅₀NO₇P 30.1 ± 8.3 41.6 ± 7.5 [M + K]⁺ 4  8.5 ± 6.1 10.4 ± 5.9 [M + Na]⁺ PC(O- C₂₄H₅₂NO₆P 16:0) 5 24.5 ± 8.1 37.9 ± 6.9 [M + H]⁺ PC(18:4) C₂₆H₄₆NO₇P 6 — 12.8 ± 7.8 [M + H]⁺ PC(18:3) C₂₆H₄₈NO₇P 7 91.8 ± 7.9 106.9 ± 9.3  [M + H]⁺ PC(P- C₂₆H₅₂NO₆P 18:1) 8 — 14.7 ± 3.7 [M + Na]⁺ PC(O- C₂₆H₅₂NO₆P 12.8 ± 4.6 18.5 ± 5.8 [M + K]⁺ 18:2)  3.7 ± 2.2 10.7 ± 5.2 [M + H]⁺ PC(18:1) C₂₆H₅₂NO₇P 11.9 ± 6.4 18.8 ± 5.8 [M + K]⁺ 10 18.4 ± 6.3 27.7 ± 5.5 [M + H]⁺ PC(18:0) C₂₆H₅₄NO₇P 15.8 ± 5.9 18.1 ± 4.5 [M + K]⁺ 11  7.7 ± 2.7  8.3 ± 3.2 [M + H]⁺ PC(20:4) C₂₈H₅₀NO₇P — — [M + K]⁺ 12 — — [M + H]⁺ PC(20:3) C₂₈H₅₂NO₇P 13  7.3 ± 5.1  8.2 ± 4.7 [M + H]⁺ PC(20:2) C₂₈H₅₄NO₇P 10.3 ± 4.6 14.5 ± 3.8 [M + K]⁺ 14  5.4 ± 3.1  9.3 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ PC(20:1) C₂₈H₅₄NO₈P 15  9.5 ± 6.3 16.1 [M + K]⁺ PC(20:0) C₂₈H₅₆NO₈P  5.6 16 30.0 ± 7.9 36.7 ± 8.4 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:6) C₃₀H₅₀NO₇P 17 —  7.4 ± 5.4 [M + K]⁺ LysoPC C₃₀H₅₂NO₇P (22:5) 18 13.2 ± 6.7 17.2 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:4) C₃₀H₅₄NO₇P  5.8 19  9.1 ± 3.8 10.8 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:2) C₃₀H₅₈NO₇P 20  8.3 ± 3.3 13.6 ± 6.4 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:1) C₃₀H₆₀NO₇P 21  9.2 ± 4.1 13.6 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PC(22:0) C₃₀H₆₂NO₇P 22  8.1 ± 3.8 10.1 ± 3.3 [M + K]⁺ LysoPC C₃₂H₆₄NO₇P (24:1) 23  8.9 ± 3.4 11.1 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ PC(24:0) C₃₂H₆₆NO₇P 24 10.7 ± 3.7 16.6 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ LysoPC C₃₂H₆₈NO₇P (26:1) 25  8.9 ± 3.7 11.4 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ LysoPC C₃₂H₇₀NO₇P (26:0) 26 25.6 ± 6.8 33.5 ± 7.6 [M + H]⁺ PC(30:1) C₃₈H₇₄NO₈P 27 16.7 ± 3.8 20.3 ± 5.9 [M + K]⁺ PC(30:0) C₃₈H₇₆NO₈P 28 15.9 ± 5.4 19.9 ± 6.1 [M + K]⁺ PC(32:3) C₄₀H₇₄NO₈P 29 20.4 ± 6.6 24.3 ± 7.0 [M + K]⁺ PC(32:1) C₄₀H₇₈NO₈P  8.3 ± 4.6 12.3 ± 6.1 [M + H]⁺ 30 39.5 ± 6.7 42.7 ± 5.9 [M + Na]⁺ PC(32:0) C₄₀H₈₀NO₈P 282.7 ± 13.7 325.5 ± 16.4 [M + K]⁺ 31 12.3 ± 4.5 22.4 ± 5.6 [M + K]⁺ PC(34:5) C₄₂H₇₄NO₈P 32  9.4 ± 5.1 13.2 ± 4.4 [M + K]⁺ PC(34:4) C₄₂H₇₆NO₈P 33 — 12.7 ± 5.0 [M + K]⁺ PC(34:3) C₄₂H₇₈NO₈P 34  9.4 ± 5.9 13.4 ± 6.3 [M + K]⁺ PC(34:2) C₄₂H₈₀NO₈P 35  8.7 ± 4.1 15.4 ± 5.3 [M + H]⁺ PC(34:1) C₄₂H₈₂NO₈P 39.6 ± 6.3 73.2 ± 7.2 [M + Na]⁺ 350.2 ± 13.4 595.8 ± 16.3 [M + K]⁺ 36 — 23.7 ± 6.4 [M + H]⁺ PC(34:0) C₄₂H₈₄NO₈P  6.2 ± 2.8  8.6 ± 4.1 [M + Na]⁺ 63.4 ± 8.4 70.6 ± 9.5 [M + K]⁺ 37 — 18.9 ± 6.4 [M + Na]⁺ PC(36:4) C₄₄H₈₀NO₈P 86.3 ± 9.6 126.3 ± 12.8 [M + K]⁺ 38 — 15.7 ± 6.1 [M + K]⁺ PC(36:3) C₄₄H₈₂NO₈P 39  8.4 ± 4.2 13.0 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ 1- C₄₄H₈₄NO₆P hexadecanyl- 2-(8- [3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerophosphocholine 40  8.6 ± 5.3 13.7 ± 6.6 [M + Na]⁺ PC(36:2) C₄₄H₈₄NO₈P 57.8 ± 6.6 82.1 ± 5.9 [M + K]⁺ 41  7.8 ± 4.7 12.9 ± 5.5 [M + K]⁺ PC(P- C₄₄H₈₆NO₇P 36:1) 42  5.6 ± 3.4  8.4 ± 4.6 [M + H]⁺ PC(36:1) C₄₄H₈₆NO₈P 177.5 ± 15.2 274.8 ± 18.6 [M + K]⁺ 43 33.8 ± 6.8 41.0 ± 6.5 [M + K]⁺ PC(36:0) C₄₄H₈₈NO₈P 44  9.7 ± 4.3 13.4 ± 5.8 [M + H]⁺ 1-(6-[5]- C₄₆H₇₆NO₇P ladderane- hexanoyl)- 2-(8- [3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerophosphocholine 45 40.9 ± 8.6 58.2 ± 8.1 [M + K]⁺ PC(38:6) C₄₆H₈₀NO₈P 46 31.5 ± 7.1 45.5 ± 7.7 [M + K]⁺ PC(38:5) C₄₆H₈₂NO₈P 16.8 ± 4.4 26.2 ± 5.3 [M + H]⁺ 47 17.4 ± 6.0 18.5 ± 6.1 [M + Na]⁺ PC(38:4) C₄₆H₈₄NO₈P 516.1 ± 19.4 714.3 ± 23.7 [M + K]⁺ 48 18.5 ± 4.2 23.6 ± 5.8 [M + K]⁺ PC(38:3) C₄₆H₈₆NO₈P 49 15.7 ± 5.5 20.1 ± 5.6 [M + K]⁺ PC(38:1) C₄₆H₉₀NO₈P 50  7.5 ± 4.4 10.3 ± 6.0 M + K]⁺ PC(P- C₄₆H₉₂NO₇P 38:0) 51 31.2 ± 6.4 35.5 ± 6.6 M + K]⁺ PC(38:0) C₄₆H₉₂NO₈P 52 — — [M + K]⁺ PC(40:10) C₄₈H₇₆NO₈P 53 — 10.3 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:9) C₄₈H₇₈NO₈P 54 — — [M + K]⁺ 1-(8-[5]- C₄₈H₈₀NO₇P ladderane- octanoyl)- 2-(8-[3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerophosphocholine 55 25.3 ± 4.7 30.5 ± 6.1 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:7) C₄₈H₈₂NO₈P 56 12.1 ± 4.4 15.7 ± 5.1 [M + Na]⁺ PC(40:6) C₄₈H₈₄NO₈P  89.3 ± 10.6 118.0 ± 14.1 [M + K]⁺ 57 32.6 ± 7.1 40.3 ± 7.6 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:5) C₄₈H₈₆NO₈P 58 42.6 ± 7.6 55.8 ± 8.3 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:4) C₄₈H₈₈NO₈P 59 —  8.3 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:2) C₄₈H₉₂NO₈P 60 16.8 ± 5.1 18.9 ± 5.0 [M + K]⁺ PC(40:1) C₄₈H₉₄NO₈P 61 18.9 ± 4.9 21.3 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PC(42:3) C₅₀H₉₄NO₈P 62 10.2 ± 4.2 12.9 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ PC(42:2) C₅₀H₉₆NO₈P 63 18.9 ± 5.1 20.3 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PC(42:1) C₅₀H₉₈NO₈P 64 — — [M + K]⁺ PC(44:2) C₅₂H₁₀₀NO₈P 65 — — [M + K]⁺ PC(46:6) C₅₄H₉₆NO₈P Phosphatidylethanolamines 1 14.1 ± 4.4 19.3 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₂₁H₄₄NO₆P (PEs) 16:0) 2  7.9 ± 4.0  8.8 ± 4.1 [M + K]⁺ PE(16:1) C₂₁H₄₂NO₇P 3 —  8.3 ± 4.1 [M + K]⁺ PE(16:0) C₂₁H₄₄NO₇P 4  9.6 ± 4.2 13.4 ± 4.4 [M + K]⁺ PE(18:3) C₂₃H₄₂NO₇P 5  7.1 ± 3.7  8.0 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ PE(18:2) C₂₃H₄₄NO₇P 6  6.7 ± 3.6  8.1 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ PE(18:1) C₂₃H₄₆NO₇P 7 15.6 ± 4.6 23.3 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₂₃H₄₈NO₆P 18:0) 8  9.6 ± 4.2 13.6 ± 4.4 [M + K]⁺ PE(18:0) C₂₃H₄₈NO₇P 9 — 17.2 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ PE(20:4) C₂₅H₄₄NO₇P 10 20.8 ± 5.2 28.8 ± 5.5 [M + K]⁺ PE(20:3) C₂₅H₄₆NO₇P 11  7.2 ± 3.8  7.8 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ PE(20:2) C₂₅H₄₈NO₇P 12 15.4 ± 4.5 19.7 ± 5.2 [M + K]⁺ PE(20:1) C₂₅H₅₀NO₇P 13  7.4 ± 3.9  8.1 ± 4.1 [M + H]⁺ PE(20:0) C₂₅H₅₂NO₇P  5.1 ± 2.3  6.8 ± 3.3 [M + K]⁺ 14  9.3 ± 4.1 10.0 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(22:6) C₂₇H₄₄NO₇P 15  8.8 ± 4.0 11.2 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(22:4) C₂₇H₄₈NO₇P 16 10.4 ± 4.4 15.3 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ PE(22:2) C₂₇H₅₂NO₇P 17 15.1 ± 4.5 19.3 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ PE(22:1) C₂₇H₅₄NO₇P 18 — — [M + H]⁺ PE(22:0) C₂₇H₅₆NO₇P 11.9 ± 4.5 18.8 ± 5.0 [M + Na]⁺ 19 14.0 ± 4.3 25.8 ± 5.6 [M + K]⁺ LysoPE C₂₉H₅₈NO₇P (24:1) 20  6.6 ± 3.5  9.2 ± 4.2 [M + K]⁺ PE(26:1) C₃₁H₆₀NO₈P 21 15.1 ± 5.0 23.6 ± 6.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(26:0) C₃₁H₆₂NO₈P 22  7.5 ± 3.5  8.9 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(34:1) C₃₉H₇₆NO₈P 23 186.6 ± 13.9 222.8 ± 15.7 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₃₉H₇₆NO₇P 34:1) 24 16.2 ± 5.3 20.5 ± 5.7 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₃₉H₇₈NO₇P 34:0) 25 25.3 ± 5.6 33.0 ± 6.4 [M + K]⁺ PE(34:4) C₃₉H₇₀NO₈P 26  9.1 ± 4.0 16.2 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ PE(34:0) C₃₉H₇₈NO₈P 27 16.3 ± 5.1 19.0 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₁H₇₆NO₇P 36:3) 28  8.5 ± 4.2 11.7 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(36:3) C₄₁H₇₆NO₈P 29 —  9.3 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(36:2) C₄₁H₇₈NO₈P 30  8.7 ± 4.3 13.7 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₁H₈₀NO₇P 36:1) 31  9.7 ± 4.5 12.8 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ PE(36:1) C₄₁H₈₀NO₈P 32 39.9 ± 7.1 47.8 ± 7.6 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₁H₈₂NO₇P 36:0) 33 20.7 ± 5.2 23.0 ± 5.5 [M + H]⁺ PE(36:0) C₄₁H₈₂NO₈P 34 14.7 ± 4.8 22.4 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₃H₇₄NO₇P 38:6) 35  6.1 ± 3.1  7.6 ± 4.1 [M + K]⁺ PE(38:6) C₄₃H₇₄NO₈P 36 15.4 ± 5.0 19.6 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₃H₇₆NO₇P 38:5) 37 10.2 ± 4.2 13.7 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ PE(38:5) C₄₃H₇₆NO₈P 38 16.3 ± 5.1 21.4 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₃H₇₈NO₇P 38:4) 39 34.6 ± 6.7 43.9 ± 7.2 [M + K]⁺ PE(38:4) C₄₃H₇₈NO₈P 40 — — [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₃H₈₀NO₇P 38:3) 41 — — [M + K]⁺ PE(38:2) C₄₃H₈₂NO₈P 42 45.3 ± 7.3 50.5 ± 7.8 [M + H]⁺ PE(38:1) C₄₃H₈₄NO₈P 12.7 ± 4.6 15.9 ± 5.0 [M + K]⁺ 43 28.6 ± 5.6 30.1 ± 6.5 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₅H₇₆NO₇P 40:7) 44 16.7 ± 5.2 20.6 ± 5.4 [M + K]⁺ PE(40:7) C₄₅H₇₆NO₈P 45 11.2 ± 4.3 13.7 ± 4.7 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₅H₇₈NO₇P 40:6) 46  8.4 ± 4.2 13.1 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ PE(40:6) C₄₅H₇₈NO₈P 47  9.2 ± 4.5 16.2 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₅H₈₀NO₇P 40:5) 48 — — [M + K]⁺ PE(40:5) C₄₅H₈₀NO₈P 49 10.8 ± 4.1 15.3 ± 4.7 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₅H₈₂NO₇P 40:4) 50 16.8 ± 4.9 20.5 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PE(40:4) C₄₅H₈₂NO₈P 51 16.9 ± 4.8 22.4 ± 5.4 [M + H]⁺ PE(40:1) C₄₅H₈₈NO₈P 52 —  6.4 ± 3.0 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:10) C₄₇H₇₄NO₈P 53 62.7 ± 8.5  78.1 ± 12.4 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:9) C₄₇H₇₆NO₈P 54 26.5 ± 5.7 30.8 ± 6.1 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:8) C₄₇H₇₈NO₈P 55 —  6.7 ± 3.6 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:7) C₄₇H₈₀NO₈P 56 — — [M + K]⁺ PE(42:6) C₄₇H₈₂NO₈P 57  7.4 ± 3.5  8.8 ± 3.8 [M + H]⁺ PE(42:4) C₄₇H₈₆NO₈P 58 13.5 ± 4.7 18.7 ± 5.0 [M + H]⁺ PE(O- C₄₇H₈₈NO₇P 42:4) 59 11.3 ± 4.4 16.5 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:3) C₄₇H₈₈NO₈P 60  7.5 ± 3.5 11.8 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₇H₉₀NO₇P 42:2) 61  7.7 ± 3.6 10.8 ± 4.1 [M + Na]⁺ PE(42:2) C₄₇H₉₀NO₈P 62 — 11.9 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ PE(P- C₄₇H₉₂NO₇P 42:1) 63  8.5 ± 3.5 11.7 ± 4.5 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:1) C₄₇H₉₂NO₈P 64  9.8 ± 4.0 12.1 ± 4.7 [M + K]⁺ PE(42:0) C₄₇H₉₄NO₈P 65  6.3 ± 3.3  7.5 ± 3.6 [M + K]⁺ PE(44:10) C₄₉H₇₈NO₈P 66 — — [M + K]⁺ PE(44:9) C₄₉H₈₀NO₈P 67 12.3 ± 4.3 15.1 ± 4.9 [M + K]⁺ PE(44:6) C₄₉H₈₆NO₈P 68 10.4 ± 4.1 14.5 ± 5.2 [M + K]⁺ PE(44:5) C₄₉H₈₈NO₈P 69 —  5.1 ± 2.2 [M + K]⁺ PE(44:1) C₄₉H₉₆NO₈P Phosphatidic 1  7.4 ± 3.3 11.5 ± 4.4 [M + K]⁺ PA(18:1) C₂₁H₄₁O₇P acids 2  6.4 ± 3.1  7.1 ± 3.3 [M + K]⁺ PA(18:0) C₂₁H₄₃O₇P (PAs) 3 22.4 ± 5.6 24.6 ± 5.8 [M + K]⁺ PA(20:4) C₂₃H₃₉O₇P 4 10.2 ± 4.2 16.1 ± 5.0 [M + K]⁺ PA(20:3) C₂₃H₄₁O₇P 5 13.0 ± 4.9 15.0 ± 5.2 [M + K]⁺ PA(20:2) C₂₃H₄₃O₇P 6 14.7 ± 4.7 16.0 ± 5.0 [M + Na]⁺ PA(20:1) C₂₃H₄₅O₇P 12.3 ± 4.3 14.6 ± 4.7 [M + K]⁺ 7 12.6 ± 4.4 20.3 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ PA(22:4) C₂₅H₄₃O₇P 8 11.4 ± 4.7 14.6 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ PA(22:1) C₂₅H₄₉O₇P 9 13.2 ± 3.3 17.9 ± 4.2 [M + K]⁺ PA(22:0) C₂₅H₅₁O₇P 10 16.3 ± 3.5 18.7 ± 4.1 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:4) C₃₅H₆₁O₈P 11 10.7 ± 3.2 15.1 ± 3.3 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:3) C₃₅H₆₃O₈P 12  7.8 ± 2.9  9.0 ± 3.0 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:2) C₃₅H₆₅O₈P 13 10.4 ± 3.5 14.7 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:1) C₃₅H₆₇O₈P 14  9.9 ± 3.1 13.5 ± 3.2 [M + K]⁺ PA(32:0) C₃₅H₆₉O₈P 15  8.4 ± 2.6 12.8 ± 3.2 [M + Na]⁺ PA(O- C₃₅H₇₃O₆P 32:0) 16 18.8 ± 4.6 22.1 ± 5.0 [M + K]⁺ PA(34:3) C₃₇H₆₇O₈P 17 20.5 ± 5.1 26.2 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PA(34:2) C₃₇H₆₉O₈P 18 41.7 ± 7.3 47.4 ± 7.5 [M + Na]⁺ PA(34:1) C₃₇H₇₁O₈P 301.2 ± 14.4 384.3 ± 16.2 [M + K]⁺ 19 —  5.1 ± 2.3 [M + K]⁺ PA(O- C₃₇H₇₃O₇P 34:1) 20 12.4 ± 3.6 14.9 ± 4.5 [M + Na]⁺ PA(P- C₃₉H₆₇O₇P 36:5) 21  8.5 ± 3.6 13.2 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ PA(36:5) C₃₉H₆₇O₈P 22  5.3 ± 2.4  7.6 ± 2.9 [M + K]⁺ PA(36:4) C₃₉H₆₉O₈P 23 18.4 ± 4.3 22.0 ± 4.5 [M + K]⁺ PA(36:3) C₃₉H₇₁O₈P 24 57.1 ± 6.3 62.7 ± 7.0 [M + Na]⁺ PA(36:2) C₃₉H₇₃O₈P 443.8 ± 17.3 522.8 ± 19.8 [M + K]⁺ 25  7.4 ± 3.3  8.5 ± 3.4 [M + K]⁺ PA(36:1) C₃₉H₇₅O₈P 26 10.1 ± 4.1 11.0 ± 4.2 [M + Na]⁺ PA(P- C₄₁H₆₉O₇P 38:6) 27 —  6.5 ± 2.8 [M + K]⁺ PA(38:6) C₄₁H₆₉O₈P 28 84.2 ± 8.1 86.2 ± 8.3 [M + K]⁺ PA(38:5) C₄₁H₇₁O₈P 29 23.9 ± 5.0 24.5 ± 5.1 [M + H]⁺ PA(38:4) C₄₁H₇₃O₈P 32.0 ± 5.6 33.8 ± 5.7 [M + K]⁺ 30 — — [M + Na]⁺ PA(38:3) C₄₁H₇₅O₈P 26.5 ± 7.3 27.4 ± 7.5 [M + K]⁺ 31 13.0 ± 4.0 14.7 ± 4.2 [M + Na]⁺ PA(38:2) C₄₁H₇₇O₈P 122.8 ± 9.7  127.8 ± 10.0 [M + K]⁺ 32  8.4 ± 4.7  9.1 ± 5.0 [M + K]⁺ PA(38:0) C₄₁H₈₁O₈P 33 26.6 ± 4.9 33.5 ± 5.8 [M + K]⁺ PA(40:7) C₄₃H₇₁O₈P 34 17.5 ± 4.6 20.7 ± 5.0 [M + K]⁺ PA(40:6) C₄₃H₇₃O₈P 35 —  7.5 ± 3.4 [M + Na]⁺ PA(40:5) C₄₃H₇₅O₈P 46.7 ± 7.1 51.3 ± 7.3 [M + K]⁺ 36 12.4 ± 4.7 14.9 ± 5.1 [M + Na]⁺ PA(40:3) C₄₃H₇₉O₈P 37 —  6.4 ± 4.1 [M + K]⁺ PA(42:9) C₄₅H₇₁O₈P Phosphoglycerols 1  8.2 ± 4.5  8.9 ± 4.7 [M + K]⁺ PG(18:2) C₂₄H₄₅O₉P (PGs) 2  6.5 ± 3.3  8.7 ± 4.1 [M + K]⁺ PG(20:3) C₂₆H₄₇O₉P 3 36.6 ± 7.2 53.3 ± 8.6 [M + Na]⁺ PG(20:2) C₂₆H₄₉O₉P 4  8.8 ± 3.9 13.5 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ PG(22:4) C₂₈H₄₉O₉P 5 23.7 ± 5.7 27.8 ± 6.8 [M + K]⁺ PG(22:2) C₂₈H₅₃O₉P 6  8.7 ± 3.7 10.3 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ PG(P- C₃₈H₇₅O₉P 32:0) 7  5.1 ± 2.1 [M + H]⁺ PG(34:4) C₄₀H₇₁O₁₀P 8 31.4 ± 7.2 34.7 ± 7.5 [M + K]⁺ PG(34:3) C₄₀H₇₃O₁₀P 9 19.5 ± 6.6 28.0 ± 7.1 [M + Na]⁺ PG(36:4) C₄₂H₇₅O₁₀P 10 14.3 ± 6.1 17.5 ± 6.3 [M + K]⁺ PG(36:0) C₄₂H₈₃O₁₀P 11 21.5 ± 5.8 25.8 ± 6.4 [M + H]⁺ PG(38:3) C₄₄H₈₁O₁₀P 12 31.9 ± 7.7  39.5 ± 10.4 [M + Na]⁺ PG(38:2) C₄₄H₈₃O₁₀P 13 — — [M + K]⁺ PG(42:7) C₄₈H₈₁O₁₀P Phosphatidylserine 1 12.4 ± 4.4 15.8 ± 5.4 [M + K]⁺ PS(P- C₂₆H₅₂NO₈P (PS) 20:0) 2 10.7 ± 5.1 13.6 ± 4.2 [M + K]⁺ PS(20:0) C₂₆H₅₂NO₉P 3 27.3 ± 6.4 32.3 ± 7.8 [M + K]⁺ PS(22:4) C₂₈H₄₈NO₉P 4 10.3 ± 5.0 13.8 ± 4.8 [M + Na]⁺ PS(34:3) C₄₀H₇₂NO₁₀P 5  5.3 ± 2.3 10.5 ± 4.6 [M + Na]⁺ PS(36:3) C₄₂H₇₆NO₁₀P 6 89.6 ± 8.6 92.6 ± 8.7 [M + K]⁺ PS(36:1) C₄₂H₈₀NO₁₀P 7 —  9.0 ± 4.1 [M + Na]⁺ PS(38:9) C₄₄H₆₈NO₁₀P 8 14.0 ± 5.3 17.3 ± 5.7 [M + Na]⁺ PS(38:8) C₄₄H₇₀NO₁₀P 9 134.5 ± 13.4 145.4 ± 14.7 [M + K]⁺ PS(38:6) C₄₄H₇₄NO₁₀P 10  38.6 ± 10.2  47.9 ± 11.6 [M + K]⁺ PS(P- C₄₄H₇₄NO₉P 38:6) 11 —  6.7 ± 3.4 [M + Na]⁺ PS(38:4) C₄₄H₇₈NO₁₀P 12 —  5.1 ± 2.4 [M + Na]⁺ PS(40:8) C₄₆H₇₄NO₁₀P 13 — — [M + Na]⁺ PS(40:7) C₄₆H₇₆NO₁₀P 14 12.5 ± 4.9 16.9 ± 5.6 [M + Na]⁺ PS(40:6) C₄₆H₇₈NO₁₀P 15 —  6.4 ± 3.4 [M + Na]⁺ PS(40:5) C₄₆H₈₀NO₁₀P 16  41.5 ± 10.5  45.5 ± 11.6 [M + H]⁺ PS(40:1) C₄₆H₈₈NO₁₀P 17 — — [M + H]⁺ PS(P- C₄₆H₈₈NO₉P 40:1) 18  39.8 ± 14.7  47.2 ± 15.0 [M + H]⁺ PS(40:0) C₄₆H₉₀NO₁₀P 19  6.4 ± 3.1  7.8 ± 3.7 [M + Na]⁺ PS(42:7) C₄₈H₈₀NO₁₀P Phosphatidylinositols 1 —  6.5 ± 3.1 [M + K]⁺ PI(38:7) C₄₇H₇₇O₁₃P (PIs) 2 14.5 ± 5.3 19.3 ± 6.1 [M + K]⁺ PI(38:4) C₄₇H₈₃O₁₃P 3 11.7 ± 4.6 15.3 ± 5.0 [M + K]⁺ PI(40:8) C₄₉H₇₉O₁₃P 4 13.7 ± 4.7 20.4 ± 5.2 [M + H]⁺ PI(40:4) C₄₉H₈₇O₁₃P 5  9.1 ± 4.1 11.5 ± 4.7 [M + H]⁺ PI(42:10) C₅₁H₇₉O₁₃P 6 —  7.0 ± 3.5 [M + K]⁺ PI(42:7) C₅₁H₈₅O₁₃P 7 — — [M + Na]⁺ PI(P- C₅₁H₈₇O₁₂P 42:6) 8 — — [M + Na]⁺ PI(42:6) C₅₁H₈₇O₁₃P Glycerophosphoinositol 1  9.3 ± 4.2 11.6 ± 5.2 [M + K]⁺ PIP2(34:1) C₄₃H₈₃O₁₉P₃ bisphosphates (PIP2s) Glycerophosphoglycero- 1  96.5 ± 10.1 104.1 ± 10.5 [M + Na]⁺ CL(1\′- C₄₅H₈₂O₁₅P₂ phosphoglycerols 772.1 ± 26.7 866.1 ± 28.2 [M + K]⁺ [18:2(9Z, (cardiolipins) 12Z)/0:0], 3\′- [18:2(9Z, 12Z)/0:0]) Cyclic 1  9.4 ± 4.8 13.7 ± 5.2 [M + Na]⁺ CPA(16:0) C₁₉H₃₇O₆P phosphatidic  7.7 ± 3.4 14.6 ± 5.8 [M + K]⁺ acids 2 21.9 ± 6.8 31.7 ± 8.1 [M + K]⁺ CPA(18:2) C₂₁H₃₇O₆P (cPAs) 3  6.2 ± 3.5  8.5 ± 4.6 [M + Na]⁺ CPA(18:1) C₂₁H₃₉O₆P 19.4 ± 6.6 29.2 ± 7.8 [M + K]⁺ 4  7.0 ± 3.2  8.8 ± 4.7 [M + Na]⁺ CPA(18:0) C₂₁H₄₁O₆P 23.3 ± 6.7 29.0 ± 7.7 [M + K]⁺ CDP- 1 —  6.4 ± 3.1 [M + H]⁺ CDP- C₄₆H₈₃N₃O₁₅P₂ Glycerols —  8.4 ± 5.4 [M + K]⁺ DG(34:1) 2  5.6 ± 2.3  7.6 ± 3.4 [M + H]⁺ CDP- C₄₆H₈₅N₃O₁₅P₂ — — [M + K]⁺ DG(34:0) 3 —  6.0 ± 2.8 [M + H]⁺ CDP- C₄₆H₈₉N₃O₁₅P₂ DG(36:0) 4 — — [M + H]⁺ CDP- C₅₂H₈₉N₃O₁₅P₂  7.9 ± 3.6  9.1 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ DG(40:4) Glycerophosphate 1 —  5.0 ± 2.2 [M + Na]⁺ sn-3-O- C₂₃H₄₁O₆P 15.9 ± 6.5 28.2 ± 7.6 [M + K]⁺ (geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1- phosphate Sphingolipids 1  5.6 ± 2.3  6.0 ± 2.8 [M + K]⁺ C-8 C₂₆H₅₁NO₃ Ceramides Ceramide (Cers) 2 14.0 ± 5.4 17.8 ± 5.7 [M + K]⁺ Cer(d36:2) C₃₆H₆₉NO₃ 3  7.9 ± 3.3  9.1 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ Cer(d36:1) C₃₆H₇₁NO₃ 4 —  6.7 ± 3.0 [M + K]⁺ CerP(d36:1) C₃₆H₇₂NO₆P 5 18.1 ± 5.8 21.1 ± 6.3 [M + K]⁺ Cer(d38:1) C₃₈H₇₅NO₃ 6  8.4 ± 4.0 13.5 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ Cer(d42:2) C₄₂H₈₁NO₃ 7  8.4 ± 4.1 11.6 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ CerP(d42:2) C₄₂H₈₂NO₆P 8 —  5.0 ± 2.2 [M + K]⁺ Cer(d42:1) C₄₂H₈₃NO₃ Sphingomyelins 1  5.0 ± 2.0  7.3 ± 3.4 [M + H]⁺ SM(d34:1) C₃₉H₇₉N₂O₆P (SMs) 15.4 ± 4.2 23.9 ± 5.9 [M + Na]⁺ 2 16.7 ± 4.5 18.3 ± 4.8 [M + Na]⁺ SM(d36:1) C₄₁H₈₃N₂O₆P  88.3 ± 10.1 103.8 ± 12.3 [M + K]⁺ 3  6.2 ± 3.8  7.6 ± 4.3 [M + K]⁺ SM(d38:1) C₄₃H₈₇N₂O₆P 4 — — [M + H]⁺ SM(d40:1) C₄₅H₉₁N₂O₆P 37.9 ± 7.1 39.5 ± 7.3 [M + K]⁺ 5 —  7.8 ± 3.9 [M + H]⁺ SM(d42:2) C₄₇H₉₃N₂O₆P  9.9 ± 3.8 11.2 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ 6  5.8 ± 3.4  7.2 ± 3.0 [M + H]⁺ SM(d42:1) C₄₇H₉₅N₂O₆P 22.6 ± 4.8 25.4 ± 4.9 [M + Na]⁺  8.4 ± 4.6 11.1 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ Glycosphingolipids 1 32.7 ± 6.7 46.1 ± 7.0 [M + K]⁺ Glucosyl C₂₄H₄₇NO₇ sphingosine 2 11.9 ± 4.1 14.8 ± 4.8 [M + Na]⁺ LacCer(d30:1) C₄₂H₇₉NO₁₃ 3  9.3 ± 4.0 13.2 ± 4.2 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d36:1) C₄₂H₈₁NO₈ 4 — — [M + Na]⁺ LacCer(d32:1) C₄₄H₈₃NO₁₃ 5 —  8.8 ± 4.3 [M + H]⁺ (3′- C₄₄H₈₅NO₁₂S sulfo)Gal β- Cer(d38:0(2OH)) 6 10.5 ± 5.6 12.7 ± 5.9 [M + K]⁺ GalCer(d38:1) C₄₄H₈₅NO₈ 7 106.8 ± 13.5 126.3 ± 14.2 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d40:2) C₄₆H₈₇NO₈ 8 — — [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d16:2/24:0(2OH)) C₄₆H₈₇NO₉ 9 12.6 ± 6.3 15.7 ± 7.2 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d40:1) C₄₆H₈₉NO₈ 10 13.8 ± 6.5 16.6 ± 8.7 [M + K]⁺ LacCer(d36:1) C₄₈H₉₁NO₁₃ 11  9.5 ± 5.0 13.5 ± 6.1 [M + Na]⁺ GlcCer(d42:2) C₄₈H₉₁NO₈  32.2 ± 12.1  46.4 ± 13.0 [M + K]⁺ 12  6.3 ± 3.4  7.5 ± 4.1 [M + H]⁺ LacCer(d36:0) C₄₈H₉₃NO₁₃ 13 12.7 ± 5.4 16.2 ± 6.1 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d42:1) C₄₈H₉₃NO₈ 14 — — [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d42:0) C₄₈H₉₅NO₈ 15  42.6 ± 14.5  54.8 ± 15.7 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d44.2) C₅₀H₉₅NO₈ 16 10.8 ± 4.8 13.5 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ GlcCer(d44:1) C₅₀H₉₇NO₈ 17 — — [M + K]⁺ Galβ1- C₅₄H₁₀₁NO₁₃ 4Glcβ- Cer(d42:2) 18 — — [M + K]⁺ Galβ1- C₅₄H₁₀₃NO₁₃ 4Glcβ- Cer(d42:1) Sphingoid 1 — — [M + Na]⁺ (4E,6E,d14:2) C₁₄H₂₇NO₂ bases sphingosine Ceramide 1  7.8 ± 3.7 10.1 ± 4.1 [M + K]⁺ PI- C₄₀H₈₀NO₁₃P phosphoinositols Cer(t34:0 (PI- (2OH)) Cers) 2 34.7 ± 8.4 49.4 ± 8.8 [M + H]⁺ PI- C₄₄H₈₈NO₁₁P Cer(d38:0) 3 130.8 ± 13.4 160.5 ± 17.8 [M + H]⁺ PI- C₄₆H₉₀NO₁₁P Cer(d40:10) 4 196.4 ± 21.5 200.5 ± 22.0 [M + H]⁺ PI- C₄₆H₉₂NO₁₁P Cer(d40:0) 5 —  5.0 ± 2.3 [M + Na]⁺ PI- C₄₆H₉₂NO₁₂P Cer(t40:0) 6  7.1 ± 3.4  9.9 ± 4.0 [M + H]⁺ PI- C₄₈H₉₆NO₁₁P Cer(d42:0) 7 —  6.5 ± 3.1 [M + K]⁺ MIPC(t44:0 C₅₆H₁₁₀NO₁₈P (2OH)) Neutral 1  8.5 ± 3.4  9.7 ± 4.5 [M + K]⁺ MG C₁₆H₃₈O₄ Lipids (16:0) Glycerolipids 2 — — [M + Na]⁺ MG C₂₁H₄₀O₄ Monoacylglycerols — — [M + K]⁺ (18:1) (MAGs) 3 — — [M + K]⁺ MG C₂₁H₄₂O₄ (18:0) 4 — — [M + K]⁺ MG C₂₃H₃₈O₄ (20:4) 5  9.6 ± 4.4 12.0 ± 5.2 [M + K]⁺ MG C₂₃H₄₀O₄ (20:3) 6 — — [M + Na]⁺ MG C₂₅H₃₈O₄ (22:6) 7  6.3 ± 2.8  7.4 ± 3.0 [M + K]⁺ MG C₂₅H₄₂O₄ (22:4) Diacylglycerols 1 141.0 ± 14.0 203.1 ± 15.7 [M + H]⁺ DG(P- C₃₅H₆₆O₄ (DAGs)  6.5 ± 2.9  8.8 ± 3.7 32:1) —  6.5 ± 2.9 2  8.2 ± 3.3 13.6 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ DG(32:0) C₃₅H₆₈O₅ 3  5.8 ± 2.6  6.8 ± 3.0 [M + H]⁺ 1- C₃₇H₆₈O₃ tetradecanyl- 2-(8- [3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerol 4 — — [M + K]⁺ DG(34:2) C₃₇H₆₈O₅ 5  7.3 ± 4.5  9.4 ± 4.9 [M + K]⁺ DG(34:1) C₃₇H₇₀O₅ 6  5.9 ± 2.6  6.8 ± 3.3 [M + K]⁺ DG(O- C₃₇H₇₂O₄ 34:1) 7 —  5.1 ± 2.3 [M + K]⁺ DG(34:0) C₃₇H₇₂O₅ 8  8.5 ± 3.4 12.6 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ DG(36:4) C₃₉H₆₈O₅ 9  30.2 ± 10.5  44.8 ± 12.1 [M + H]⁺ 1-(14- C₃₉H₇₀O₄ methyl- pentadecanoyl)- 2- (8-[3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerol 10 — — [M + K]⁺ DG(36:3) C₃₉H₇₀O₅ 11  6.5 ± 3.1  7.0 ± 3.2 [M + H]⁺ 1- C₃₉H₇₂O₃  5.2 ± 2.1  6.4 ± 2.7 [M + Na]⁺ hexadecanyl- 2-(8- [3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerol 12  8.4 ± 3.5  9.8 ± 3.7 [M + K]⁺ DG(36:2) C₃₉H₇₂O₅ 13  7.3 ± 3.1  8.1 ± 3.5 [M + K]⁺ DG(36:1) C₃₉H₇₂O₅ 14  5.3 ± 2.2  7.0 ± 2.7 [M + H]⁺ 1-(6-[5]- C₄₁H₆₄O₄ ladderane- hexanoyl)- 2-(8- [3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerol 15 — — [M + K]⁺ DG(38:6) C₄₁H₆₈O₅ 16 — — [M + K]⁺ DG(38:5) C₄₁H₇₀O₅ 17  6.1 ± 2.4  7.8 ± 3.2 [M + K]⁺ DG(38:4) C₄₁H₇₂O₅ 18  7.4 ± 3.1  9.6 ± 4.0 [M + K]⁺ DG(38:2) C₄₁H₇₆O₅ 19  7.3 ± 3.0  7.6 ± 3.2 [M + K]⁺ DG(38:1) C₄₁H₇₈O₅ 20 18.7 ± 6.1 22.6 ± 6.3 [M + Na]⁺ DG(40:8) C₄₃H₆₃D₅O₅ 21  7.8 ± 3.2  8.5 ± 3.4 [M + K]⁺ DG(40:10) C₄₃H₆₄O₅ 22  9.9 ± 4.5 13.4 ± 4.7 [M + H]⁺ 1-(8-[5]- C₄₃H₆₈O₄ ladderane- octanoyl)- 2-(8-[3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerol 23 —  6.2 ± 2.6 [M + H]⁺ 1-(8-[5]- C₄₃H₇₀O₃ ladderane- octanyl)- 2-(8-[3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerol 24 26.4 ± 6.8 38.6 ± 8.7 [M + H]⁺ 1-(8-[3]- C₄₃H₇₀O₄ ladderane- octanoyl- 2-(8-[3]- ladderane- octanyl)- sn- glycerol 25  6.4 ± 2.8  8.0 ± 3.4 [M + K]⁺ DG(40:6) C₄₃H₇₂O₅ 26 10.8 ± 4.2 13.1 ± 4.4 [M + K]⁺ DG(42:11) C₄₅H₆₆O₅ Triradylglycerols 1  7.6 ± 3.1  8.8 ± 3.7 [M + H]⁺ TG(54:11) C₅₇H₈₈O₆ (TAGs) 2 — — [M + H]⁺ TG(54:9) C₅₇H₉₂O₆ 3 — — [M + Na]⁺ TG(62:15) C₆₅H₉₆O₆ 4 —  5.3 ± 2.2 [M + Na]⁺ TG(62:14) C₆₅H₉₈O₆ 5 —  6.1 ± 3.0 [M + K]⁺ TG(64:17) C₆₇H₉₆O₆ Other 1 27.6 ± 8.4  37.2 ± 10.2 [M + Na]⁺ 1- C₅₀H₈₅NO₇ Glycerolipids (9Z,1Z- octadecadienoyl)- 2- (10Z,13Z, 16Z,19Z- docosatetraenoyl)- 3-O- [hydroxy methyl- N,N,N- trimethyl- beta- alanine]- glycerol Sterol 1  7.7 ± 3. 5 10.5 ± 4.1 [M + K]⁺ C24 bile C₂₄H₃₈O₄ Lipids acids and/or its isomers 2 16.4 ± 5.4 29.2 ± 7.0 [M + K]⁺ 24- C₂₆H₄₂O₄ northornasterol A 3 — — [M + K]⁺ Dedydrocholesterol C₂₇H₄₄O 4 — — [M + K]⁺ C27 bile C₂₇H₄₄O₄ acids and/or its isomers 5  7.4 ± 3.4 13.3 ± 4.2 [M + Na]⁺ Cholesterol C₂₇H₄₆O  7.8 ± 3.5  9.7 ± 4.5 [M + K]⁺ 6  6.4 ± 3.0  8.6 ± 4.4 [M + Na]⁺ C27 bile C₂₇H₄₆O₅ acids and/or its isomers 7 — — [M + Na]⁺ C27 bile C₂₇H₄₆O₆ acids and/or its isomers 8  7.8 ± 3.5 10.3 ± 4.8 [M + K]⁺ Ergosterols C₂₈H₄₆O₄ and C24- methyl derivatives 9 —  5.6 ± 2.5 [M + Na]⁺ Conicasterol B C₂₉H₄₄O 10  7.3 ± 3.4  9.8 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ C30 C₃₀H₅₀O₃ isoprenoids 11 — — [M + K]⁺ Spirostanols C₄₀H₆₆O₁₂ and/ or its isomers 12  7.9 ± 3.5  9.5 ± 4.6 [M + K]⁺ Spirostanols C₄₀H₆₈O₁₅ and/ or its isomers Prenol 1  5.3 ± 2.3  5.7 ± 2.5 [M + Na]⁺ 19-(3- C₂₅H₄₂O₅ Lipids methyl- butanoyloxy)- villanovane- 13alpha,17- diol Fatty acyls 1 — — [M + K]⁺ FA(18:2) C₁₈H₃₂O₂ Fatty acids 2  8.7 ± 4.2 10.9 ± 5.3 [M + K]⁺ FA(18:1) C₁₈H₃₄O₂ (FAs) 3 11.4 ± 4.7 19.1 ± 5.6 [M + K]⁺ FA(20:4) C₂₀H₃₂O₂ 4  8.5 ± 5.3  9.7 ± 5.1 [M + K]⁺ FA(22:6) C₂₂H₃₂O₂ 5  8.8 ± 5.6 18.0 ± 5.8 [M + Na]⁺ FA(22:0) C₂₂H₄₂O₄ 11.4 ± 5.7 15.9 ± 6.0 [M + K]⁺ 6 18.8 ± 5.6 21.1 ± 6.2 [M + K]⁺ FA(26:0) C₂₆H₅₀O₄ Other 1 19.3 ± 5.7 27.7 ± 6.4 [M + K]⁺ Guanosine C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₅ compounds 2 — — [M + Na]⁺ Thymidine C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₇P 3,5- cyclic monophosphate 3  8.5 ± 5.5 10.8 ± 5.4 [M + Na]⁺ Cyclic C₁₀H₁₂N₅O₆P 11.9 ± 5.8 17.4 ± 6.5 [M + K]⁺ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) 4 —  6.3 ± 2.8 [M + H]⁺ CoA(26:0) C₄₇H₈₆N₇O₁₇P₃S —  5.3 ± 2.4 [M + Na]⁺

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims. We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims. 

1. A system, comprising: a first conductive substrate associated with a biological sample; a second conductive substrate positioned parallel and opposite to the first conductive substrate, wherein the first conductive substrate and second conductive substrate are separated by a distance of 25 mm to 75 mm; a power source electrically coupled to the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate for establishing an electric field between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate; and a matrix dispersion device capable of dispersing a matrix solution, wherein the matrix dispersion device is physically separated from the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the matrix dispersion device is positioned adjacent to and between an end terminus of the first conductive substrate and an end terminus of the second conductive substrate.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first conductive substrate comprises a conductive material different from that of the second conductive substrate.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the biological sample is associated with a conductive material of the first conductive substrate.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate are separated by a distance of 40 mm to 55 mm.
 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a housing that substantially encloses at least the first conductive substrate, the second conductive substrate, and a portion of the matrix dispersion device which comprises a spray nozzle.
 7. (canceled)
 8. A system for preparing a sample for MALDI-MS analysis, comprising: a first conductive substrate comprising a conductive material and associated with a tissue sample; a second conductive substrate comprising a conductive material positioned parallel and opposite to the first conductive substrate, wherein the first conductive substrate and second conductive substrate are separated by a distance of 40 mm to 55 mm; a power source coupled to the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate for establishing an electric field between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate; a matrix dispersion device capable of dispersing a matrix solution, wherein the matrix dispersion device is physically separated from, and is positioned adjacent to and between, the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate; and a housing substantially enclosing the first conductive substrate, the second conductive substrate, and a spray nozzle of the matrix dispersion device.
 9. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a mass spectrometer capable of analyzing a matrix-coated biological sample.
 10. A method, comprising: positioning a first conductive substrate associated with a biological sample 25 mm to 75 mm away from a second conductive substrate, wherein the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate are parallel to one another; applying an electric field between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate using a power source coupled to the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate; and spraying a matrix solution from a matrix dispersion device comprising a spray nozzle positioned perpendicular to the electric field generated between the first conductive substrate and the second conductive substrate, wherein the matrix solution is sprayed into the electric field in a direction effective to polarize and apply the matrix solution to the biological sample thereby forming a matrix layer on the biological sample.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising allowing the droplets of the matrix solution to incubate with the biological sample in the presence of the electric field.
 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising drying the droplets of the matrix solution in the presence of the electric field.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the biological sample is sprayed 20 to 40 times.
 14. (canceled)
 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising analyzing the biological sample and the matrix layer associated therewith for one or more compounds of interest by subjecting the biological sample to a mass spectrometric detection technique.
 16. (canceled)
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the mass spectrometric detection technique is MALDI mass spectrometry.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the electric field is directed from the first conductive substrate to the second conductive substrate.
 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the electric field is directed from the second conductive substrate to the first conductive substrate.
 20. The method of claim 10, wherein spraying the droplets into the electric field causes an upper portion of the droplets to develop a higher electric potential than a lower portion of the droplets.
 21. The method of claim 10, wherein spraying the matrix solution into the electric field causes a lower portion of droplets of the matrix solution to develop a higher electric potential than an upper portion of droplets of the matrix solution and wherein polarized droplets associate with the biological sample and electrically attract one or more compounds of interest within the biological sample.
 22. (canceled)
 23. The method of claim 10, wherein the matrix layer formed using the electric field contains at least 50% more compounds of interest than a matrix layer formed without an electric field and/or wherein the matrix layer formed using the electric field provides higher signal-to-noise ratios than a matrix layer formed without an electric field.
 24. (canceled)
 25. The method of claim 10, wherein the biological sample is a prostate tissue sample, a breast tissue sample, a lung tissue sample, a skin tissue sample, a liver tissue sample, a colon tissue sample, or a combination thereof and the method is used to detect one or more lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, or combinations thereof that are present in the biological sample.
 26. (canceled)
 27. The method of claim 10, wherein the method is used to detect apolipoprotein C-I, S100 A6, or S100 A8. 